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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy source for brain, renal medulla, testes, RBCs
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glucose is primary energy source; brain can use ketones in starvation, RBCs cant (no mitochondria)
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what process garners energy from acetyl CoA?
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aerobic respiration (TCA)
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resting vs intention tremor
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resting tremor = basal ganglia lesion; intention tremor = cerebellar hemispheric lesion
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how to kill spores (eg c.dif)
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exposure to saturated heat (121'C) for 15 mins
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function of the detrussor muscle
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contracts during urination --> expells urine into urethra
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weakening of which structure can cause urinary incontinence in elderly women?
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urogenital diaphragm (stress incontinence due to prolapse of bladder/uterus)
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causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
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ABCD: Alcohol, Beriberi, Chronic Cocaine, Coxsackie B, Chagas, Doxorubicin, Diphtheria
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what does bronchial breath sounds mean?
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low I/E (can be from consolidation compressing airways)
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what do crackles indicate?
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fluid in small airways / alveoli
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PE findings on lobar pneumo vs pleural effusion
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both are dull to percussion, but lobar pneumo has increased fremitus and crackles; effusion has decreased fremitus and no breath sounds (incl crackles)
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interaction between TMP-SMX and Vit K
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50% of daily vit K is produced by gut bacteria -- eliminated by TMP-SMX --> warfarin-like inc PT;
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thyrotoxicosis vs pheo
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both can cause afib, tachycardia, weight loss; THYROTOXICOSIS can also cause GI problems and muscle wasting, while PHEO can cause episdoes of HTN, hyperglucemia, and glucosuria
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role of C3b (2)
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1) opsonization; 2) clearance of immune complexes
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what does C3 deficiency cause?
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severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus/resp tract infections (C3 needed for G- clearance)
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decreased Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP)
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1) CML; 2) PNH (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
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deficiency of DAF (decay accerating factor)
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PNH (accelerates decay of complement -- protects RBCs)
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classic vs alternative pathway
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CLASSICAL responds to Ag-Ab complexes (IgG and IgM -- "GM makes CLASSIC cars"); a/w C1, C2, C4 (initially); ALTERNATIVE responds to microbial surface antigens (eg endotoxin) with C3 and factors B and D; eventually BOTH pathways involve C3 --> C5-9 (MAC), causing lysis and cytotox
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"double bubble" sign on xray
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duodenal atresia -- stomach + dilated proximal duodenum make the two "bubbles"
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what is lost in muscle atrophy?
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# of myofibrils per cell, NOT # of muscle cells
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what are satellite cells?
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normally quiescent cells in skel muscle that become active in regeneration and hypertrophy
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what controls pupillary diameter?
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2 controls: 1) SYMPATHETIC: mydriasis (radial dilator muscle) via a1 receptors; 2) PARASYMPATHETIC: miosis (pupillary constrictor muscle)
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what are the 3 structures of a lymph node and what do they contain?
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1) FOLLICLE (germinal centers: B-cell proliferation); 2) MEDULLA (cords: closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells; sinuses: macrophages); 3) PARACORTEX (T-cells)
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role of IL-8
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chemotactic for neutrophils (the tissue dogs ATE (8) all the debris)
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what bugs undergo antigen variation?
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1) Bacteria: N.GONORRHEA (pilus), SALMONELLA (flagella), BORRELIA (relapsing fever); 2) Viruses: INFLUENZA (shift/drift); 3) Parasites: TRYPANASOMSE (programmed rearrangement)
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prostration
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loss of strength/weakness
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what fuel used in starvation (after glycogen stores depleted?)
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FATTY ACIDS
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what is parathion
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organophosphorus AChEi
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plemorphic adenoma
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benign tumor of the parotid gland, difficult to resect (b/c of facial nerve)
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adjustment disorder vs delirium
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both can result from stressor; adjustment disorder results in emotional disorder, delirium can involve cognitive changes
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with what HIV drugs do you get anemia and granulocytopenia
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NRTis, eg AZT; can get anemia also from protease inhibitors; results from decreased erythrocyte formation
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reverse transcriptase inhibitor tox
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NRI: lactic acidosis, BM suppression (esp AZT) and periph neuropathy;
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how does ovarian cancer met?
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lymphatics -- can cause lympatic blockage
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what does amino terminus of a transmembrane protein usually encode?
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signal peptide -- targeting protein
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what does carboxyl termiuns of a protein do?
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signals for attachment of poly-A tail
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what does carboxyl termiuns of a protein do?
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HEA: Hypertension, edema, albumin(protein)uria
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non-pharmaceutical tx for panic disorder
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CBT
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nl lab findins with alternating diarrhea, constipation, and pain
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irritable bowel syndrome
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ulcerated red lesion in an elderly person
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squamos cell carcinoma of the skin
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drugs that cause immune-mediated hemolysis
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quinidine, methyldopa, penicillin (all cause positive coombs test)
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PICA thrombosis
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aka Wallenberg's syndrome; loss of spinothalamics (contralateral pain/temp), spinal trigeminal (ipsilateral facial pain/temp), nuc ambiguus (speaking, dysphagia, gag reflex), descending synmpathetic fibers (ipsilateral horner's), vestibular dysfunction
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