Usm Biology Evolution

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On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed

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somewhat similar species, with traits that suited their particular environments.

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The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on the Galápagos Islands displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was the

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birds’ different-shaped beaks.

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Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered

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if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species.

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One scientist who attempted to explain how rock layers form and change over time was

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James Hutton.

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What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell?

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Earth is relatively young.

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that organisms

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have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection.

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Which is a major concept included in Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

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Body structure can change according to the actions of the organism.

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In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on

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inheritance of acquired characteristics.

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The idea that only famine, disease, and war could prevent the endless growth of human populations was presented by

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Thomas Malthus.

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Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of evolution by

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an essay by Wallace on evolution.

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When Charles Darwin returned from the voyage of the Beagle, he

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wrote about his ideas but waited many years to publish them.

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Why might Darwin have hesitated to publish his concept of evolution by natural selection?

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He was disturbed by his findings, which challenged fundamental scientific beliefs.

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According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the

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possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness.

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Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of natural selection?

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They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment.

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In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 15-1 are

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vestigial structures.

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Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches

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originated from a common ancestor.

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Darwin’s concept of evolution was NOT influenced by

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knowledge about the structure of DNA.

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People of Charles Darwin’s time understood that fossils

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were preserved remains of ancient organisms.

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Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as

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a detailed record of evolution.

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Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that

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species change over time.

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Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on the idea(s) of

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natural variation and natural selection.

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Which statement is in agreement with Darwin’s theory of evolution?

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More offspring are produced than can possibly survive.

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Which concept is NOT included in the modern theory of evolution?

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transmission of acquired characteristics

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Which phrase best defines evolution by natural selection?

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a process of change in species over time

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Which of the following statements describe what all members of a population share?

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They are members of the same species.

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The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population is the population’s

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gene pool.

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If an allele makes up one fourth of a population’s alleles for a given trait, its relative frequency is

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75 percent.

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The two main sources of genetic variation are

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gene shuffling and mutations.

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Gene shuffling includes the independent movement of chromosomes during meoisis as well as

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crossing-over.

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A single-gene trait that has two alleles and that shows a simple dominant-recessive pattern will result in

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millions of phenotypes.

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Compared to a polygenic trait, a single-gene trait tends to have

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fewer phenotypes.

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In a population of finches in which one group of birds has a short, parrotlike beak and another group has a long, narrow beak, what process has probably occurred?

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genetic drift

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The type of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a small group of individuals is called

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the founder effect.

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The situation in which allele frequencies of a population remain constant is called

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genetic equilibrium.

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One of the conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium is

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no movement into or out of the population.

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The allele frequencies of a population are more likely to remain unchanged if

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all mating is random.

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According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, genetic equilibrium would be more likely in a population of mice if

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mutation rates within the population rise.

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Which factor would most likely disrupt genetic equilibrium in a large population?

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mating that is not random

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A factor that is necessary for the formation of a new species is

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reproductive isolation.

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The geographic isolation of two populations of a species tends to increase differences between their gene pools because it

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causes temporal isolation of the two populations.

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Although they often live in the same habitat, the American toad breeds earlier in the spring than the Fowler’s toad does. What can be inferred from this information?

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The two species do not interbreed because of temporal isolation.

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Which is the first step that occurred in the speciation of the Galápagos finches?

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arrival of the founding population

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Which statement about evolution in the Galápagos finches is true?

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Natural selection on beak size and shape is driven by available food.