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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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USLA code of ethics |
*Dedication to safety *Accept personal dangers R unavoidable *Maintain high standards of fitness *prevent accidents *Avoid undue distractions *Carry out duties providing courtesy, respect and assistance *Educate the public *Demonstrate that lifeguards are deserving of trust *Follow established policies to promote best public service |
9 of them |
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The role of a professional Lifeguard |
Lifesaving, public safety, public services: finding lost people, local information resource |
What we do |
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Responsibilities and Expectations |
Anticipate, prevent and respond to emergencies |
The basic job of a lifeguard is to help ensure that thise who visit beaches and waterways return home safe |
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U.S. Life-Saving Service |
1878 Summer Kimball only leader they used breeches bouy apparatus and lifeboats.189 lifesaving stations-139 Atlantic coast, 37 on Great lakes, 7 Pacific coast and 1 in Ohio |
Lifesaving history |
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China's Chinkiang Association for the saving of a Life |
The earliest organized lifesaving efforts in the world established in 1708 |
Lifesaving History |
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U.S. Revenue Cutter Service |
1790 created with the goal of protection of revenue by enforcing payment of customs by 1832 was patrolling and assisting vessels in distress |
Lifesaving history |
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Newell Act |
1848 and appropriated 10k to build small lifeboat stationsalong New Jersey thanks to Dr. William A. Newell |
Lifesaving history |
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Lifeboats |
Made of wood weighed 700 to 1000 lbs crew of 6 surfmen 1 sweep |
Early lifesaving apparatus |
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Breeches Bouy Apparatus |
Large life ring with canvas slung loosely across the center with 2 holes for legs heave ir shot line to ship in distress |
Early lifesaving apparatus |
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Lyle gun |
Small 163 lb cannon developed by Cap David Lyle in 1877. Projectile would reach 400 yards had a violent recoil. |
Early lifesaving apparatus |
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United States Coast Guard |
1915 the life-Saving Service merged with Revenue Cutter Service to form ... |
Lifesaving history |
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United States Volunteer Lifesaving Corps (USVLC) |
the evolution of volunteer lifesavers followed by paid lifeguards created in 1892 |
The first lifeguards |
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Atlantic City Beach Patrol |
Created on June of 1882 was the first official beach lifeguard organization in the world |
The first lifeguards |
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Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) George Corsan |
Began giving mass swim lessons in Detroit 1907 was the 1st nationwide effort to teach every boy to swim |
First lifeguards |
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YMCA's national college |
Where the first American work on lifesaving was written in 1913 and later published as a lifesaving textbook in 1916 by George Gross |
The First lifeguards |
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Commodore Wilbert E. Longfellow |
Formed the Life Saving Corps of the Red Cross and began the program to "waterproof America" |
The first lifeguards |
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Life Saving Corps of the American Red Cross |
A corps of volunteers recruited and trained to provide rescues at beaches not regularly patrolled by lifeguards |
The first lifeguards |
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World War II and Lifeguarding |
Women filled vacancies when men enlisted .it was during WWII Chicago Park District first employed female lifeguards. |
The first lifeguards |
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2 events that changed the perception of Lifeguarding |
1) the creation of the United States Lifesaving Association 2) advances in emergency medical aid |
First lifeguards |
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Surf Life Saving Association or America (SLSA) |
Formed in 1956 by California lifeguards to compete in the Olympic International Surf Championships in Australia . Bob Burnside was the president |
Birth of USLA |
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National Surf Lifesaving Association (NSLSA) |
1965 the SLSA was changed to ___ and was a founding member of the World Lifesaving |
Birth of USLA |
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United States Lifesaving Association (USLA) |
1979 the NSLSA changed name to ___and had the goal of reducing the incedence of death and injury in the aquatic environment. |
Birth of USLA |
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Highway safety Act of 1966 |
Charged the US department of transportation with the development of an Emergency Medical Service Standard. |
Emergency Medical Aid Advances |
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Line and reel (Landline) |
Lifeguard swims out to the victim while attached to a line, clutch the victim, and would rapidly be pulled back to shore. |
Lifesaving Devices |
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RDF |
Rescue floatation device (1st one made in Atlantic City) |
Lifesaving devices |
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Sheffield Rescue Can |
RFD Made in 1897 made of sheet metal pionted on both ends, with a line supported by small cork floats and a belt to be attached to a lifesaver. |
Lifesaving devices |
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Burnside Bouys |
1st bouy made of plastic thanks to rotational molding |
Lifesaving devices |
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Rescue board |
Modified surf board originally made by Duke Kahanamoku and Roy "Dutch" Miller in 1913 used for rescues |
Lifesaving devices |
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Rescue Tube |
Flexible foam rubber with orage skin to keep water out of the interior with snap hook molded to one end made by Pete Peterson |
Lifesaving devices |
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Professional Lifeguards |
*reliable *mature *consistent *expert knowledge of area served *professional appearance *instill public confidence in their ability *train diligently to preserve skills and readiness |
Responsibilities and expectations |
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Good managers |
Will be sure adequate backup is available to maintain watch over the water |
The lifeguard as a manager |
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Managing conflict |
*prioritizing the safety of the lifeguard *maintaining a professional demeanor *ensuring that other responsibilities of the LG are not compromised |
Lifeguard as a manager |
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Different Aquatic environments |
1) controlled environment of pools and waterparks 2)the natural environment of open water |
USLA lifeguard training system |
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Prerequisite training |
Minimum level of training before applying for a job: CPR/AED ,Emergency Medical Responder |
Training modes |
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Pre-service training |
Training provided before assignment to lifeguard duties. |
Training modes |
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In-service training |
Used to develop and maintain skills and knowledge of Lifeguards. Minimum 16 hours per year in formal training. |
Training modes |
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USLA standards for open water lifeguard |
*minimum age of 16 hourly/ 18 full time *advanced training in Emergency Medical Care *Advanced CPR *A Thorough course in open water lifesaving *Minimum swimming requirement *Health and fitness adequate for stresses of lifesaving *Scuba training (if aplicable) |
Minimum standards |
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Lack of surf |
Constant scanning, timely and effective preventive actions, adequate breaks and immediate decisive action when needed are critical. |
Flat water beach |
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Flotation Devices |
These devices make it difficult or impossible for lifeguards to asses swimming ability. Prudent lifeguards assume these ppl are non swimmers. |
Flat water beach |
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Offshore atractions |
Create a goal to which people try to swim and also a visual block for lifeguards. These include rafts, diving platform, sandbar or opposite shore |
Flat water beach |
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Crowd density |
Increase the visual workload of the scanning lifeguard and can even block lifeguards vision. Additional lifeguards should be assigned when unusually high crowds overwhelm beach. |
Flat water beach |
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Knots |
Use friction to keep two or more pieces of line together. Average efficiency varies from 50-60% of the ropes strength. |
Knots and splicing |
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Splice |
Involves weaving a rope back into itself. Has about 85-95% of the ropes strength |
Knots and slpicing |
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Square knot (reef knot) |
Most useful knot known, should not be used to tie together lines of different sizes. Used to tie light lines together and is difficult to untie. |
Knots and splicing |
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The sheet or becket bend |
Used for tieing two different size lines together. |
Knots and splicing |
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The bowline |
Will not slip, does not become difficult to untie most desirable knot for carrying heavy loads. Most useful and important knot for Lifeguarding purposes. |
Knots and splicing |
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The clove hitch |
Composed of two half hitches tied in such a way they work together. Used for making line fast temporarily to a piling or bollard. |
Knots and splicing |
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The fisherman's bend |
AKA anchor bend, handy for making fast to a bouy or the ring of an anchor |
Knots and splicing |
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Cleats |
Found on most boat docks, on flagpoles. They allow the free end of a line to be securely fastened and detached with equal ease. |
Knots and splicing |
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End splice |
Used to permanently join the ends of two lines to create a single line. |
Knots and splicing |
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Eye splice |
Creates a permanent loop in the end of a line |
Knots and splicing |
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____ ____ are relentless . There is no lull or pulse and the force of the ____ continues without interruption. |
River currents, currents |
Flatwater beach |
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Currents in ____ water of rivers are often faster than in ____ water. |
Deeper, shallower |
Flatwater beach |
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Strong river currents moving over obstacles in the river, including low dams, can create ____ currents just bekow them. |
Reverse (reversals) |
Flatwater beaches |
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At a ____ ____ the distance from shore and depth of drop-offs change constantly |
Tidal beach |
Flatwater beaches |
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____ is a cloudiness of water caused by suspended partickes of sediment |
Turbidity |
Flatwater beaches |
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A ____ typically occurs in a landlocked body of water, also in bays and harbors. It involves oscillation of the water surface. Can be causes by seismic activity or variations in atmospheric pressure |
Seiche |
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____ ____ are the primary source of distress in over 80% of swimmer rescues at ocean beaches. |
Rip currents |
Surf beach |
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Each wave contains a ____ and a ____ |
Crest , trough |
Surf beach |
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The four ways to measure a wave... |
Wave period Wave length Wave height Wave velocity |
Surf beach |
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Waves that are formed ____ by wind are often short and choppy with periods kess than eight seconds |
Locally |
Surf beach |
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Waves that have traveled a significant distance from the wind source tendo to be more organized with periods grester that eight seconds. |
Swells |
Surf beach |
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The three major factors that contribute to the size and power of wind geberated waves are: |
Wind velocity at generating point Duration of the blow Distance of open water over which the wind blows (fetch) |
Surf beach |
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A succession of waves from a single source, with a consistent direction is known as a ____ ____ |
Wave train |
Surf beach |
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Intermingling of different wave trains often results in ____ ____ |
Set waves |
Surf beach |
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____ ____ are known as waves that form suddenly in open water and are far higher than any other waves in the area |
Rogue waves |
Surf beach |
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Wave ____ causes wave trains to bend as they approach the shore. |
refraction |
Surf beach |
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Breaking waves can be classified into 3 primary forms: |
Spilling waves: formed by swells as they move over flatter beacheswhere the sea floor ascends gradually. Plunging waves: also known as shorebreak. When a swell strikes a steep beach. Surging waves: waves keep rounded form until they crash against the shoreline barrier w a strong uprush and backwash. |
Surf beach |
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The relative calm period between set waves, known as a ____, can fool beachgoers. |
Lull |
Surf beach |
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Beaches with very fine sand then to be flat, so there are usually more ____ waves and surf zones are wider |
Spilling |
Surf beach |
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Beaches with very coarse sand or gravel tend to be steeper, producing more ____ |
Shorebreak (and backrush) |
Surf beach |
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Rideges of sand of varying height and contour, called ____ exist off most surf beaches |
Sandbars |
Surf beach |
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SCI |
Spinal cord injuries |
Surf beach |
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A ____ current, also known as a longshore current or lateral drift, runs roughly parallel to the beach |
Lateral |
Surf beach |
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A particularly hazardous role of a lateral current is to act as the ___ to a rip current. |
Feeder |
Surf beach |
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The USLA has determined that rip currents are the primary source of distress in over ____ of swimmer rescues at ocean beaches. |
80% |
Surf beach |
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Rip currents can move at a speed of over ____ miles per hour |
4 |
Surf beach |
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Rip currents are created primarily by the force of incoming waves, combined with the force of ____ |
Gravity |
Surf beach |
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Components of rip currents |
Feeder: main source of supply for the rip Neck: the river of water running away from the beach
Head: area where the offshore current from the neck ends |
Surf beach |
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Types of rip currents: |
Fixed: found only on sandy beaches, water returns to the sea at a low point in sandbar system Permanent: stationary year round found in coastlines w rocks or reefs. Piers,jetties,drain pipes projecting points of land. Flash: temporary rips generated by increased volumes of water brought to shore from concentrated sets of waves. Traveling: these rips do not accompany depressions in sand or reef formations. Move along the beach w prevailing direction of waves. |
Surf beach |
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_____ are rises and falls in level of the ocean caused by gravitational attraction of the simun and moon. |
Tides |
Surf beach |
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The high and low of tides varies from day to day with ____ tides (greater range) roughly every two weeks around a new and full moon, and ____ tides (smaller range) in between. |
Spring, neap |
Surf beach |
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Generally beaches near the _____ have the least tidal variation. Beaches near the ____ have the greatest |
Equator, poles. |
Surf beach |
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____ can exaggerate or minimize the effects of currents. |
Tides |
Surf beach |
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____ currents typically occur as water rushes through entrances to bays and estuaries during tidal changes. |
Tidal currents |
Surf beach |
