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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Magnification breakdown of microscope |
Has 2 separate lens systems -Ocular system -Objective system |
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Ocular system |
-Lenses are located in the eyepiece -Most have a magnification of 10x ( Means they magnify an object 10 times) |
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Magnification mathematics |
The power of magnification is found by multiplying 10x by the objective lens number (product of objective and eyepiece) |
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4x Magnification |
-dry scanning lens -eyepiece has 10x magnification (Total magnification = 4 x 10 =40x) Used to evaluate: -identification of larger specimens like ectoparasites or small dog ticks |
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10 x magnification |
-Low dry lens -eyepiece also has 10x magnification (Total magnification = 10 x 10 =100x) Used to evaluate -parasite eggs -ear mites -crystals in urine |
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40x magnification |
-High dry lens -eyepiece has 10x magnification (Total magnification = 40 x 10=400x) Used to evaluate: -red blood cells -white blood cells (like a neutrophil) -fungus, etc. NEVER USE OIL WITH 40X LENS |
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100x magnification |
-Oil immersion lens -eyepiece has 10x magnification (Total magnification = 100 x 10= 1000x)
Used to evaluate: -red blood cells -white blood cells -different types of bacteria
When spinning from oil lens to the other lenses: -oil must be cleaned off the oil immersion lens because it can damage the other lenses
-Every time the oil is used you have to clean the microscope |
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Optimum use for condenser |
-Condenser up for viewing thin items (example: blood and urine) -Condenser lower for thicker items (Example: fecal and tissue smears) |
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Cleaning the microscope |
Cleaning items: -lens cleaner solution -lens paper. Do not use: -paper towels -Kleenex -Solutions with acetone |
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Cleaning the lenses |
-Start by lowering stage and removing slide - Using lens paper (Kimwipes) and lens cleaner; -wipe the oil lens off first, so you don't get oil on the other lenses -- OIL LENS IS ALWAYS CLEANED AFTER USE
-Grab a new lens paper/cleaner to wipe the dry lenses and eyepieces.
ONLY CLEAN THE EYEPIECES IF NECESSARY |
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Putting the microscope away |
- Use alcohol on a tissue to wipe down stage, arm, and base needed -Put on 4x objective lens - Stage should be all the way down - Light should be on lowest setting before turning off ( This extends the life of the bulb) - Cord can be looped and tucked under the cover DO NOT WRAP CORD AROUND THE BASE -place dust cover |
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Centrifuge |
Separates materials by their different densities through the means of centripetal acceleration (it spins really fast) |
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There are 2 types of centrifuges |
Horizontal (swinging arm) and Angled-Head |
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Horizontal (swinging arm) centrifuge |
Tube holders are vertical at rest but swing out horizontally while spinning |
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Angled-head centrifuge |
Tube holders are at a fixed angle |
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Micro-hematocrit centrifuge |
Is a type of angled-head centrifuge made for spinning microhematocrit tubes only
-this is usually done to run a PCV (Packed cell volume) |
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Using the centrifuge |
- Place on an even and stable surface - Make sure centrifuge is balanced
Place a balance tube filled with an equal amount of water as your sample directly across from your sample tube
- Tube should be spun with their stoppers in place - Lock the lid - Set the spin speed as appropriate (urine requires lower speed then blood) - Set the spin time as appropriate ( Blood needs to spend for about 10 minutes) ( Urine needs to spin for 5-6 minutes) - Only use the brake if you suspect a malfunction DO NOT PUT YOUR HAND INTO THE CENTRIFUGE UNTIL IT HAS STOPPED SPINNING |
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Refractometer |
Use to measure the refractive index of a solution ( Bending of light rays)
- Expensive, sensitive device, must be handled very carefully
It measures the specific gravity of urine and the total protein (Total solids) of plasma (blood)
- Samples are placed on the glass window
- Glass should never be tapped onto the window when putting the sample on
- Calibrated and cleaned with distilled water
- Distilled water should read a specific gravity of 1.00 and a total protein of 0 |
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Most commonly used blood analyzing machine |
-IDEXX Vet Test
-uses serum from blood samples to read values of chemicals in the blood (non-cellular components) - Great for monitoring organ functions (kidney, liver, pancreas)
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Another blood analyzing machine is |
CBC machine |
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CBC machine |
-Uses whole blood to analyze the amount of each type of blood cell - This analysis is called a CBC ( Complete blood count) - White blood cell counts can be done manually by hand with a hemocytometer |
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Blood analyzing machines |
Analyze the amount of electrolytes in the blood -sodium -potassium -chloride -bicarbonate |
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Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time |
-detects abnormalities in platelet function -requires: standard spring loaded bleeding device, blotting paper or #1 Whatman filter tape, stop watch, tourniquet |
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The Healvet Coagulation analyzer |
- Provides measurements of prothrombin time (clotting time) - Use whole blood or plasma samples collected in citrate anticoagulant tubes |
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SNAP tests |
- Pancreatic functioning tests -FPLI, CPLI -Feline/Canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity -diagnoses pancreatitis -serum test |
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Parvovirus SNAP test |
Uses feces to test for parvovirus -insert swab into the rectum, collect a sample and mix -place 5 drops onto snap test |
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GIARDIA SNAP test |
-rapid enzyme immunoassay -detects giardia antigen -fecal test |
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ARKRAY Lactate Pro Test |
-measures the amount of lactate in the blood -an indication of Tissue Hypoxia |
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Cytology stains |
Cytology stains Are applied to a sample on a microscope slide to dye the cellular components - Most cytology stains are non-differential and merely highlight the cellular aspects - Cells would otherwise normally show translucent under the microscope |
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The most common type of cytology stains |
Wrights Diff-quik Stains. Blue- fixative (FIRST) Red- Eosinopholic (SECOND) Blue- Basophilic (THIRD) -7-10 "dunks" in each, rinse slide off gently after the third step |
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Cytology stains |
- Toxic to living tissues, WEAR GLOVES - These will stain anything they touch! (Clothes, countertops, skin, etc.) - Use alcohol immediately to lift any drips or spills |
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Gram Stain |
Also called Gram's Method - Method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into 2 larger groups - Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria -Contains DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) |
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Formalin |
- Preserve tissue samples in small jars - Present the most toxic challenge for a veterinary assistant in the lab. |
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What are the dangers of sharps and medical waste |
Exposure to a drug or chemical caused by a puncture or laceration
Preventions:
- Keep sharps and needles covered until ready for use - Do not recap needles unless you are unable to place them in the sharp's container immediately
- When it is necessary to recap a needle, use the "one handed" method. It is the safest approach to recapping needles (requires practice, must be done as quickly as possible if your other hand is occupied due to holding a patient's limb from blood draw) |
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Sharps containers |
- Do not overfill. Sharp's containers have a line that indicates when it is full. Sharps should never fill to the top. - Once container is full, close and seal it. Replace with a new one |
