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112 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Virginia Company
Who: investors
When: 1607
Where: London
What: sent ships to Chesapeake Bay
Why: colonists built a fort named Jamestown in King’s honor. Ist permanent Eng. settlement in N. America
Indentured Servants
Who: migrants to the colonies from England
When: 17th century
Where: Chesapeake (VA)
What: poor men and women who would contract labor for 2-7 years in exchange for passage to the New World (mostly young, unskilled males)
Why: treated like slaves → ran away/causing them to die. often cheaper than slaves, but in late 17th century they migrated to PA for more land opportunities
Mayflower Compact
Who: MA Bay Colonists--mostly families and few hired men
When: 1620
Where: Plymouth, MA Bay, formerly Patuxet
What: 1st document of self gov in N. Am.
Why: hired men began to grumble about Pilgrim authority, and to reassure them Bradford drafted agreement to “combine into a civil body politic”
Proprietary Colonies
Who: the English colonists
When: 17th century
Where: New Eng.
What: a colony created by Eng. monarch → granted tract of land to individual or group, who became “lords proprietor”
Why: pay off debt or encourage settlement
Frame of Gov't
Who: William Penn
When: 1682
Where: PA
What: guarantee of religious freedom, civil liberties and elected rep. (& dealt fairly w/ NA)
Why: most effective colonization effort of the 17th century
King Philip's War
Who: Wampanoags, Narragansetts, English settlers
When: 1675-76
Where: New Eng.
What: King Philip (Metacom) of the Pokanokets wanted alliance w/ Narragansetts → Eng. wanted territory of NA
Why: the Iroquois attacked other NA tribes → Covenant Chain
Covenant Chain
Who: Iroquois & NY colonists
When: 1677
Where: NY
What: an alliance to est. Iroquois dominance over other tribes
Why: put NY ahead econ./pol.. compared to other colonies
Bacon's Rebellion
Who: Settlers & Susquehannock NA
When: 1675-76
Where: Chesapeake (VA)
What: violent conflict led by Nathaniel Bacon !st against NA, then Gov.
Why:afterwards, colonial authorities → armed expansion into frontier to gain support of backcountry men in gaining more territory
Middle Passage
Who: African Slaves
When: 18th century
Where: The Atlantic
What: the voyage between Africa and the N. World slave colonies
Why: filthy conditions, many died (1/6), very cramped
Enumerated Goods
Who: English colonists, Parliament
When: 18th century
Where: English colonies
What: items produced in colonies and could only be shipped to places specified by Parliament
Why: improved English and colonial eco.
Enlightenment
Who: Euro. philosophers (Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Hobbes)
When: early-mid. 1700s (18th century)
Where: Europe → colonies
What: argument if universe was governed by natural laws that could be understood and applied
Why: ppl. questioned the church and state → challenged traditional views
Almanac
Who: Benjamin Franklin
When: 1732-57
Where: Philadelphia
What: a calendar, astrological guide, and sourcebook for med. farming (i.e. Poor Richard’s Almanac)
Why: reference that covered concerns of traditional culture. (demand for literature rose in N. Eng.)
Great Awakening
Who: Anglican minister D. George Whitefield (sermons in colonies)
When: 1700s (18th century)
Where: English colonies
What: inspired Old Lights (Enlightened wealthy elite) and New Lights (revivalists, poorer classes); New Lights: big fans of Calvinism
Why: increase of interest in politics; unification of colonies
Ben Franklin's Plan for the Union
Who: Benjamin Franklin
When: 1754
Where: NY
What: prop. that NA affairs/W. settlement/etc. be under colonial rule (mutual) w/ Br. president-general & Grand Council/legislature
Why:rejecccccted....
French and Indian War
Who: France, Eng (colonies, and NA
When: 1754-1763
Where: Nova Scotia, Acadia, frontier between NY & N. Fr., upper OH R.
What: aka the 7 Years War; it was the war between Eng/Fr&NA for the frontier
Why: the Fr. lost → Treaty of Paris/Conflict between colonists and Eng. begun → Revolution. Proclamation line of 1763
Royal Proclamation Line
Who: NA
When: 1763
Where: W. of the Appalacians
What: set aside “Indian country” where NA could reside
Why: colonists wanted to push west but the Br. wouldn’t allow it → Am. Rev.
Republicanism
Who: Br. colonists
When: 18th century
Where: colonies
What: belief that the best society would provide individuals the most liberty
Why: influenced Am. pol. behavior → elected reps.
Virtual Representation
Who: Br. colonist
When: around 1765
Where: the colonies
What: Parliament members rep. nation as a whole, not of just the ppl who elected them
Why: → “no taxation w/o rep.”, Parliament/Eng. was controlling colonists w/o their best interests necessarily
Stamp Act
Who: George Grenville/Parliamnet, colonies
When: 1765
Where: colonies
What: raised revenue in Am b/c a stamped paper was required for legal docs, publication, cards etc.
Why: colonists → ‘no taxation w/o rep.’, nonimportation movement
Committees of Correspondence
Who: white male colonists
When: pre-rev. ~1775
Where: MA and other colonies
What: committees that kept Americans informed about Br. measures & how they affected the colonies
Why: believed Br. had plot to destroy Am. Liberty/ Am. Rev.
Intolerable (Coercive) Acts
Who: Parliament and colonies
When: 1774
Where: colonies
What: Boston Port Act (compensation for Boston Tea Party due) MA gov. act (King appt.’d rep.) Admin Justice Act (Br. Officials protected from Col. Court) Quatering Act (housing of soldiers)
Why: colonists felt liberty = restricted
First Continental Congress
Who: delegates from colonies
When: 1774
Where: Philadelphia
What: in response to Coercive Acts  declaration of resolves, organized militia companies
Why: linked colonies together, unification against Br. Restrictions
Declaration Of Independence
Who: colonial delegates
When: July 4, 1776
Where: Philadelphia
What: doc. That 2nd Cont. Congress used to announce/justify Am.’s renouncement of allegiance to Br.
Why: little struggle about principles (support of equality/ordinary ppl, right of revolution)
Articles of Confederation
Who: Richard Henry Lee, Cont. Congress
When: June 7, 1776
Where: Philadelphia
What: no national judiciary, no separate executive branch, Congress = only nat. authority, no Congressional authority to raise troops/taxes
Why:1st nat. gov. of U.S.
NW Ordinance of 1787
Who: Congress
When: 1787
Where: N. of the Ohio
What: 5 states made from NW territory once free white male pop = 5,000  could choose assembly
Why: model of incorporation of future territories as co-equal states
Shay's Rebellion
Who: Daniel Shay, farmers
When: 1786-87
Where: w. MA
What: armed movement of farmers in debt (took land of wealthy poor)
Why: conservative nationalists  not happy under A of C gov.
Great Compromise
Who: delegates
When: 1787 (Con. Convention)
Where: Philadelphia
What: House = rep proportional to pop
Senate= rep equal/ state
Why: creation of strong nat. gov. but still w/ important role for states
Anti-Federalists
Who: opposers of Federalists
When: 1780s
Where: NY, VA, NC
What: opposed Constitution (initial refusal to ratify)
Why: Bill of Rights promised  important persuasion factor (individ. Rights)
Tariff of 1789
Who: Congress
When: 1789
Where: America
What: Compromise btwn. Ppl who wanted protective tariffs & those who wanted moderate tariffs
Why: 1st tariff that was to raise revenue (for fed. Gov.) not protect Am. manufacturers
Intercourse Act
Who: Congress, NA
When: 17890
Where: America, backcountry
What: stated regulation of trade & interaction w/ NA
Why: licensing sys.  trading houses for NA to get goods @ reasonable prices
Jay's Treaty
Who: Br. And U.S. (Chief Justice John Jay)
When: 1794
Where: U.S.
What: agreement to avoid war/seizure of Am. ships
Why: U.S. no position for war (small army, no navy) & showed U.S. neutrality
XYZ Affair
Who: Am. & Fr.
When: 1798
Where: France
What: Am. Upset b/c Fr. Wanted bribe in order to negotiate w/ Am. diplomats
Why: continuation  undeclared naval war (Quasi-War) w/ Fr. 3 more yrs. (1797-1800)
Alien and Sedition Acts
Who: Congress
When: 1798
Where: U.S.
What: 4 acts  freedom of speech & liberty of foreign residents in U.S.
Why: aliens could be imprisoned/deported @ wartime; anyone convicted of speaking false against gov. = imprisoned
Marbury vs. Madison
Who: Chief Justice John Marshall
When: 1803
Where: N. Eng ?
What: Jefferson refuses to recognize Adam’s ‘midnight judges’  Justice Marshall: Court’s duty = ‘say what law is’  ruling = Sup. Court powerful
Why: precedent of judicial review (ruling = unconstitutional part of Judiciary Act of 1789)
Embargo Act
Who: Thomas Jefferson
When: 1807
Where: Foreign ports, Br. & Fr.
What: Forbade Am. ships to sail to foreign ports
Why: Intended to force Br. & Fr. to accept neutral rights → eco. failure
War Hawks
Who: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun
When: prior to 1812
Where: South and West
What: members of Congress who pushed for war
Why: War of 1812
Nullification
Who: Federalist reps from 5 New Eng. states
When: 1814
Where: Hartford (Convention)
What: constitutional doctrine: states have legal right to declare national laws null&void
Why: less fed. gov. power, more to the states.
Era of Good Feelings
Who: John Quincy Adams
When: 1812-1823
Where: America
What: Disappearance of Feds → Republicans govern in nonpartisan harmony
Why: tidied U.S. borders → unification
American System
Who: Henry Clay
When: 1816
Where: America
What: Program to promote Am. eco. growth/domestic manufacturers from foreign competition
Why: Eco. develop., national bank, tax on imp. goods.
Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
Who: John Quincy Adams/Onis
When: 1819
Where: Florida
What: U.S./Spanish agreement → Spanish gives FL/claims to Pacific to U.S., and sets boundaries for Sp. SW and U.S. LA purchase. & U.S. no claims on TX/responsibility to Sp. $5 mil
Why: more opportunity for expansion
Monroe Doctrine
Who: Monroe
When: 1823
Where: America
What: Declaration of W. Hemisphere closed off to Euro/no Am. involvement in Euro. affairs.
Why: Treaties with Rus., Br. Sp. → more opportunity for Am. expansion
Missouri Compromise
Who: Congress
When: 1820
Where: America
What: Admission of MO as a slave state and ME as a free state, and decision that slavery prohibited north of 36 degrees 30’ latitude
Why: Majority of the LA would be free states.
Gang System
Who: Slaves
When: mid 1800s
Where: the South
What: Organization of slaves into gangs of 20-25 that were supervised by overseers w/ whips
Why: Conditions for a slave were very cruel, sunup to sundown
Second Great Awakening
Who: Mostly Af. Am. slaves, some white southerners
When: 1790s
Where: the South
What: Religious revival, with many Af. Am. converts/churches built
Why: Slaves saw Christianity as a way to express desire for freedom/justice
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Who: Nat Turner
When: 1831
Where: VA
What: Rebellion w/ 5 other slaves against masters → plantation to plantation killing a total of 55 white ppl.
Why: Exposed truth that force was what was keeping slaves under control, and there was always the possibility of revolt
Black Codes
Who: State legislatures
When: 1830s
Where: South
What: Rules concerning free Af. Am.’s, like no firearms, no buying slaves (outside of their family), no testifying against whites, holding office, voting, or serving in the militia
Why: Emphasis on white=free, black=slave
Nullification Crisis
Who: States’ rights party
When: 1830s
Where: SC
What: Sectional crisis b/c of attempt to nullify federal law regarding slavery
Why: The idea of secession was forming in the South over the conflicting beliefs about slavery between the states’ laws and the federal law
Indian Removal Act
Who: President Andrew Jackson, Congress
When: 1830
Where: NA land
What: State officials allowed to override federal protection of NA
Why: NA forced off of land, like Trail of Tears—forced march in 1838 of Cherokee NA from GA  W.
Bank War
Who: Andrew Jackson
When: 1830s
Where: Am.
What: Jackson/Westerners distrust banks, Jackson talks of not rechartering Bank of U.S.  Jackson victory (Bank = unconstitutional)
Why: political/eco. Problems resulted. End of Am. Sys.  laissez faire. Heat of Bank War  two party system
Whigs
Who: colonists; Henry Clay supporters
When: 1760s-70s; 1830s
Where: Am. colonies
What: resisted Br. Measures; anti-Jackson, heirs of Federalism
Why: promoted Am. Sys. And commercialization
Specie Circular
Who: Andrew Jackson
When: 1836
Where: Am. frontier
What: only gold/silver could be used to buy public land
Why: lead to six year recession, Panic of 1837 b/c of the collapse of baking system
Market Revolution
Who: American factory owners and workers
When: mid-late 1800s
Where: America
What: outcome of transportation, commercialization, and industrialization developments
Why: growing middle class, more jobs for women/children but bad pay  strikes, unions, cash economy (not barter system)
Tammany Society
Who: artisans, Delaware chief=Tammany
When: began in 1780s
Where: NYC
What: fraternal organization of artisans that met in a hall (Wigwam) and elected officers (sachems)
Why: affiliation with Democratic Party, parades, rallies, songs, newspapers
Seneca Falls Convention
Who: women
When: 1848
Where: upstate NY
What: 1st women’s equality convention
Why: became annual, and resulted in political/legal advancements for women
Shakers
Who: followers of Mother Ann Lee
When: founded in 1774, grew between 1820-30
Where: America, around PA
What: offshoot of Quakers, preached strict celibacy/communal living
Why: highly structured lifestyle/isolation from changing world/beliefs of equality drew many new members esp. women
Liberty Party
Who: abolitionists, James G. Birney = Prez. Candidate
When: founded 1840
Where: North
What: 1st antislavery pol. party
Why: Abolitionist movement/moral reform  1st step in pol.  Civil War
Oregon Trail
Who: American settlers
When: 1850s
Where: Midwest to Oregon/California/Utah
What: Overland trail >2,000 miles
Why: trail that eased settlement; many offered help even to complete strangers
Tejanos
Who: Texans
When: until 1850s?
Where: Texas
What: people of Spanish/Mexican descent born in Texas
Why: small farmers/common laborers who faced threat of Comanche Indians. Americans, NAs, and Tejanos all wanted to fight and defend their land
Mexican American War
Who: Mex/Am
When: 1846-48
Where: Mexican Territory; Texas
What: War to fight for territory in SW N. Am.
Why: Am. Victory  more expansion/imperialism
Wilmot Proviso
Who: Dem. David Wilmot
When: 1846
Where: acquired Mexican Territory
What: the proposed amendment that no slavery should exist that territory
Why: very controversial, couldn’t get N. and S. to agree, regardless of pol. Party.
Wilmot pressured by practical politics b/c of rise of Lib. Party, not ideology
Compromise of 1850
Who: Clay, Calhoun, Webster
When: 1850
Where: CA, NM, UT
What: Four-step compromise, CA: free state, NM/UT settlers decide, end of slave trade in DC, Fugitive Slave Law
Why: compromise between N., S., and W. regarding slavery. Fugitive Slave Law forced abolitionists/Northern authorities to turn in fugitive slaves to their owners in the South.  sometimes helped escape to Canada.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Who: introduced by Stephen Douglas
When: 1854
Where: Kansas and Nebraska
What: law passed allowing slavery to be decided by state residents
Why: b/c it repealed the MO Compromise, it lead to a lot of N. vs. S. compromise
Know Nothing Party
Who: American Party (ex. whigs)
When: 1854
Where: New England
What: when questioned about beliefs: response was ‘I know nothing’
Why: anti-immigration, party split by 1855 b/c of slavery/sectional differences
Dred Scott Decision
Who: Dred Scott
When: decided on March 6, 1857
Where: free states IL & WI
What: decided that the fed. gov. didn’t have power to interfere with property movement throughout states → dismissal of cases
Why:Showed southern bias within the Supreme court and the supreme court justices.
John Brown's Raid
Who: John Brown
When: 1856
Where: Kansas
What: Brown slaughtered many pro-slavery men. He wanted a slave uprising, and believed he’d get support once slaves’ interest sparked.
Why: it was poorly planned, he failed to notify VA slaves of their involvement, and Brown was captured, tried, and convicted on treason/murder → hanged. John Brown’s Raid was opposed by Republicans
Confederate States of America
Who: President Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens (VP)
When: Feb. 1861
Where: SC and South
What: nation of the South, opposed the Union. new Constitution that was essentially the same, but with pro-slavery/more states’ rights
Why: led to the Civil War. France and Britain later refused to recognize it as a nation, despite its initial economic success, due to their failure in war
Homestead Act
Who: Westerners, Congress
When: 1862
Where: West
What: law passed that provided homesteads within 160 acres of free land in exchange of improving land within 5 yrs of grant (had to build house/cultivate some land/pay small fee)
Why: push toward modern commercial agriculture
Peninsular Campaign
Who: General George McClellan
When: 1861-1862
Where: Richmond
What: offensive plan to capture Richmond, which led to the Seven Days Battle/Lincoln calls for a retreat
Why: N. Virginia stalemate
Emancipation Proclamation
Who: Lincoln
When: Jan. 1, 1863
Where: Conf. States
What: slaves → “forever free”; freed slaves in Conf. States in rebellion
Why: Lincoln supported recruitment of Af. Am. soldiers → 200,000 Af. Ams. in Union army
Special Field Order 15
Who: General William T. Sherman
When: 1865
Where: southern Atlantic coast
What: gave 40 acres and a mule to freed men
Why: To reward his troops of impoverished African Americans and give them a start to new life
Congressional Reconstruction
Who: Republican Dominated Congress, President Johnson
When: 1867-1870
Where: Southern States
What: period, called the Reconstruction era, where Congress tried to repair the destruction in the South
Why: Re-united the US, but wasn't particularly successful b/c slavery wasn't completely gone (sharecropping/tennet farmers) and still discrimination (Jim Crow Laws)
Fifteenth Ammendment
Who: All men citizens
When: 1869
Where: Congress, applied everywhere
What: Garaunteed all men the right to vote, regardless of race
Why: Big step in equality, but both angered women and pushed them to fight even harder for their own suffrage
Sharecropping
Who: Freed Slaves, White Southerns
When: mid 1860's ish
Where: South
What: Labor system where landowners provided houses and farm animals and tools in exchange for a share of their crop
Why: Very similar to slavery b/c they were tied to the land, and treated pretty badly too, so like a step backwards almost
Scalawags
Who: Southern whites
When: 1860's/70's
Where: South
What: Southern whites (most small farmers/planters) who supported the southern Republican party & reconstruction
Why: they wanted to return to normal and get help to fix the South from the destruction
Slaughterhouse Cases
Who: Supreme Court
When: 1873
Where: US
What: huge sweeping decision that declared that citizenship rights were under state not federal control
Why: it contradicted the 14th ammendment and overruled that, and lead to a lot of the Blacks citizenships being stripped away again
Liberal Republicans
Who: disaffected REpublicans
When: 1872
Where: US
What:
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Compromise of 1877
Who: Rutherford B. Hayes
When: 1877
Where: US
What: congressional settling of 1876, gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South
Why: completed the idea during Reconstruction that a strong federal government protected everyone
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Who: US, Sioux
When: 1868
Where: South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana
What: treaty acknowledging defeat in the Great Sioux War, and gave them land & hunting rights
Why: Finally were sort of nice to the NAI, but when gold was discovered in those lands, they completely ignored the treaty -> no progress have been made, still horrible to the NAI
Dawes Severalty Act
Who: Congress
When: 1887
Where: Congress
What: ended tribal ownership of land and gave out small plots to individual NAI with the rest open to whites
Why: it successfully undermined tribal sovereignty, but didn't give much compensation, didn't try to integrate them very much
Vertical Integration
Who: Big businesses, ie. Andrew Carnegie
When: late 1800's
Where: US, cities
What: consolidating (owning) numerous production functions from the raw materials to marketing to final product
Why: Controlled the whole process so they could make it cheaper, and therefore wipe out competition and then charge whatever they wanted to
Chinese Exclusion Act
Who: Chinese, Congress
When: 1882
Where: US
What: act that suspended Chinese immigration, limited the rights of resident chinese, and forbad their naturalization
Why: It showed the nativists discrimination, and how they didn't want "aliens" stealing their jobs
Knights of Labor
Who: Everyone basically
When: 1869
Where: US
What: A labor union that included all skilled or unskilled workers regardless of race or gender
Why: Very successful group, was unique because they included everyone, lead to more specialized unions though after ending badly in Haymarket Square
American Federation of Labor
Who: white skilled workers
When: 1886
Where: US
What: Labor union that organized skilled whites into craft lines and stressed a few workplace issues rather than a bunch of broad ones
Why: They didn't include women or African Americans, so they formed their own unions, but this was more effective because they focused on one thing
Gilded Age
Who: Mark Twain (came up with it)
When: 19th century America
Where: US
What: refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth during that period, "flaunting it"
Why: showed the new era following the civil war, lead to more big businesses and consumerism, and some public places like theaters were funded
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
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Farmer's Alliance
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Great Uprising
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Coxey's Army
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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Free Silver
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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Progressive Era
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Muckraking
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Initiative
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Wobblies
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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Federal Reserve Act
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Open Door
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Committee on Public Information
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War Industries Board (WIB)
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Sedition Act
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The Great Migration
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Versailles Treaty
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Red Scare
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Volstead Act
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Immigration Act
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Harlem Renaissance
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Bonus Army
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National Labor Relations Act
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New Deal Coalition
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