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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Virginia Company
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Who: investors
When: 1607 Where: London What: sent ships to Chesapeake Bay Why: colonists built a fort named Jamestown in King’s honor. Ist permanent Eng. settlement in N. America |
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Indentured Servants
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Who: migrants to the colonies from England
When: 17th century Where: Chesapeake (VA) What: poor men and women who would contract labor for 2-7 years in exchange for passage to the New World (mostly young, unskilled males) Why: treated like slaves → ran away/causing them to die. often cheaper than slaves, but in late 17th century they migrated to PA for more land opportunities |
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Mayflower Compact
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Who: MA Bay Colonists--mostly families and few hired men
When: 1620 Where: Plymouth, MA Bay, formerly Patuxet What: 1st document of self gov in N. Am. Why: hired men began to grumble about Pilgrim authority, and to reassure them Bradford drafted agreement to “combine into a civil body politic” |
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Proprietary Colonies
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Who: the English colonists
When: 17th century Where: New Eng. What: a colony created by Eng. monarch → granted tract of land to individual or group, who became “lords proprietor” Why: pay off debt or encourage settlement |
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Frame of Gov't
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Who: William Penn
When: 1682 Where: PA What: guarantee of religious freedom, civil liberties and elected rep. (& dealt fairly w/ NA) Why: most effective colonization effort of the 17th century |
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King Philip's War
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Who: Wampanoags, Narragansetts, English settlers
When: 1675-76 Where: New Eng. What: King Philip (Metacom) of the Pokanokets wanted alliance w/ Narragansetts → Eng. wanted territory of NA Why: the Iroquois attacked other NA tribes → Covenant Chain |
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Covenant Chain
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Who: Iroquois & NY colonists
When: 1677 Where: NY What: an alliance to est. Iroquois dominance over other tribes Why: put NY ahead econ./pol.. compared to other colonies |
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Bacon's Rebellion
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Who: Settlers & Susquehannock NA
When: 1675-76 Where: Chesapeake (VA) What: violent conflict led by Nathaniel Bacon !st against NA, then Gov. Why:afterwards, colonial authorities → armed expansion into frontier to gain support of backcountry men in gaining more territory |
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Middle Passage
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Who: African Slaves
When: 18th century Where: The Atlantic What: the voyage between Africa and the N. World slave colonies Why: filthy conditions, many died (1/6), very cramped |
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Enumerated Goods
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Who: English colonists, Parliament
When: 18th century Where: English colonies What: items produced in colonies and could only be shipped to places specified by Parliament Why: improved English and colonial eco. |
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Enlightenment
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Who: Euro. philosophers (Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Hobbes)
When: early-mid. 1700s (18th century) Where: Europe → colonies What: argument if universe was governed by natural laws that could be understood and applied Why: ppl. questioned the church and state → challenged traditional views |
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Almanac
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Who: Benjamin Franklin
When: 1732-57 Where: Philadelphia What: a calendar, astrological guide, and sourcebook for med. farming (i.e. Poor Richard’s Almanac) Why: reference that covered concerns of traditional culture. (demand for literature rose in N. Eng.) |
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Great Awakening
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Who: Anglican minister D. George Whitefield (sermons in colonies)
When: 1700s (18th century) Where: English colonies What: inspired Old Lights (Enlightened wealthy elite) and New Lights (revivalists, poorer classes); New Lights: big fans of Calvinism Why: increase of interest in politics; unification of colonies |
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Ben Franklin's Plan for the Union
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Who: Benjamin Franklin
When: 1754 Where: NY What: prop. that NA affairs/W. settlement/etc. be under colonial rule (mutual) w/ Br. president-general & Grand Council/legislature Why:rejecccccted.... |
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French and Indian War
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Who: France, Eng (colonies, and NA
When: 1754-1763 Where: Nova Scotia, Acadia, frontier between NY & N. Fr., upper OH R. What: aka the 7 Years War; it was the war between Eng/Fr&NA for the frontier Why: the Fr. lost → Treaty of Paris/Conflict between colonists and Eng. begun → Revolution. Proclamation line of 1763 |
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Royal Proclamation Line
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Who: NA
When: 1763 Where: W. of the Appalacians What: set aside “Indian country” where NA could reside Why: colonists wanted to push west but the Br. wouldn’t allow it → Am. Rev. |
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Republicanism
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Who: Br. colonists
When: 18th century Where: colonies What: belief that the best society would provide individuals the most liberty Why: influenced Am. pol. behavior → elected reps. |
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Virtual Representation
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Who: Br. colonist
When: around 1765 Where: the colonies What: Parliament members rep. nation as a whole, not of just the ppl who elected them Why: → “no taxation w/o rep.”, Parliament/Eng. was controlling colonists w/o their best interests necessarily |
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Stamp Act
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Who: George Grenville/Parliamnet, colonies
When: 1765 Where: colonies What: raised revenue in Am b/c a stamped paper was required for legal docs, publication, cards etc. Why: colonists → ‘no taxation w/o rep.’, nonimportation movement |
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Committees of Correspondence
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Who: white male colonists
When: pre-rev. ~1775 Where: MA and other colonies What: committees that kept Americans informed about Br. measures & how they affected the colonies Why: believed Br. had plot to destroy Am. Liberty/ Am. Rev. |
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Intolerable (Coercive) Acts
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Who: Parliament and colonies
When: 1774 Where: colonies What: Boston Port Act (compensation for Boston Tea Party due) MA gov. act (King appt.’d rep.) Admin Justice Act (Br. Officials protected from Col. Court) Quatering Act (housing of soldiers) Why: colonists felt liberty = restricted |
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First Continental Congress
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Who: delegates from colonies
When: 1774 Where: Philadelphia What: in response to Coercive Acts declaration of resolves, organized militia companies Why: linked colonies together, unification against Br. Restrictions |
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Declaration Of Independence
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Who: colonial delegates
When: July 4, 1776 Where: Philadelphia What: doc. That 2nd Cont. Congress used to announce/justify Am.’s renouncement of allegiance to Br. Why: little struggle about principles (support of equality/ordinary ppl, right of revolution) |
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Articles of Confederation
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Who: Richard Henry Lee, Cont. Congress
When: June 7, 1776 Where: Philadelphia What: no national judiciary, no separate executive branch, Congress = only nat. authority, no Congressional authority to raise troops/taxes Why:1st nat. gov. of U.S. |
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NW Ordinance of 1787
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Who: Congress
When: 1787 Where: N. of the Ohio What: 5 states made from NW territory once free white male pop = 5,000 could choose assembly Why: model of incorporation of future territories as co-equal states |
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Shay's Rebellion
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Who: Daniel Shay, farmers
When: 1786-87 Where: w. MA What: armed movement of farmers in debt (took land of wealthy poor) Why: conservative nationalists not happy under A of C gov. |
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Great Compromise
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Who: delegates
When: 1787 (Con. Convention) Where: Philadelphia What: House = rep proportional to pop Senate= rep equal/ state Why: creation of strong nat. gov. but still w/ important role for states |
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Anti-Federalists
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Who: opposers of Federalists
When: 1780s Where: NY, VA, NC What: opposed Constitution (initial refusal to ratify) Why: Bill of Rights promised important persuasion factor (individ. Rights) |
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Tariff of 1789
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Who: Congress
When: 1789 Where: America What: Compromise btwn. Ppl who wanted protective tariffs & those who wanted moderate tariffs Why: 1st tariff that was to raise revenue (for fed. Gov.) not protect Am. manufacturers |
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Intercourse Act
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Who: Congress, NA
When: 17890 Where: America, backcountry What: stated regulation of trade & interaction w/ NA Why: licensing sys. trading houses for NA to get goods @ reasonable prices |
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Jay's Treaty
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Who: Br. And U.S. (Chief Justice John Jay)
When: 1794 Where: U.S. What: agreement to avoid war/seizure of Am. ships Why: U.S. no position for war (small army, no navy) & showed U.S. neutrality |
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XYZ Affair
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Who: Am. & Fr.
When: 1798 Where: France What: Am. Upset b/c Fr. Wanted bribe in order to negotiate w/ Am. diplomats Why: continuation undeclared naval war (Quasi-War) w/ Fr. 3 more yrs. (1797-1800) |
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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Who: Congress
When: 1798 Where: U.S. What: 4 acts freedom of speech & liberty of foreign residents in U.S. Why: aliens could be imprisoned/deported @ wartime; anyone convicted of speaking false against gov. = imprisoned |
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Marbury vs. Madison
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Who: Chief Justice John Marshall
When: 1803 Where: N. Eng ? What: Jefferson refuses to recognize Adam’s ‘midnight judges’ Justice Marshall: Court’s duty = ‘say what law is’ ruling = Sup. Court powerful Why: precedent of judicial review (ruling = unconstitutional part of Judiciary Act of 1789) |
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Embargo Act
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Who: Thomas Jefferson
When: 1807 Where: Foreign ports, Br. & Fr. What: Forbade Am. ships to sail to foreign ports Why: Intended to force Br. & Fr. to accept neutral rights → eco. failure |
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War Hawks
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Who: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun
When: prior to 1812 Where: South and West What: members of Congress who pushed for war Why: War of 1812 |
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Nullification
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Who: Federalist reps from 5 New Eng. states
When: 1814 Where: Hartford (Convention) What: constitutional doctrine: states have legal right to declare national laws null&void Why: less fed. gov. power, more to the states. |
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Era of Good Feelings
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Who: John Quincy Adams
When: 1812-1823 Where: America What: Disappearance of Feds → Republicans govern in nonpartisan harmony Why: tidied U.S. borders → unification |
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American System
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Who: Henry Clay
When: 1816 Where: America What: Program to promote Am. eco. growth/domestic manufacturers from foreign competition Why: Eco. develop., national bank, tax on imp. goods. |
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Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
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Who: John Quincy Adams/Onis
When: 1819 Where: Florida What: U.S./Spanish agreement → Spanish gives FL/claims to Pacific to U.S., and sets boundaries for Sp. SW and U.S. LA purchase. & U.S. no claims on TX/responsibility to Sp. $5 mil Why: more opportunity for expansion |
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Monroe Doctrine
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Who: Monroe
When: 1823 Where: America What: Declaration of W. Hemisphere closed off to Euro/no Am. involvement in Euro. affairs. Why: Treaties with Rus., Br. Sp. → more opportunity for Am. expansion |
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Missouri Compromise
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Who: Congress
When: 1820 Where: America What: Admission of MO as a slave state and ME as a free state, and decision that slavery prohibited north of 36 degrees 30’ latitude Why: Majority of the LA would be free states. |
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Gang System
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Who: Slaves
When: mid 1800s Where: the South What: Organization of slaves into gangs of 20-25 that were supervised by overseers w/ whips Why: Conditions for a slave were very cruel, sunup to sundown |
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Second Great Awakening
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Who: Mostly Af. Am. slaves, some white southerners
When: 1790s Where: the South What: Religious revival, with many Af. Am. converts/churches built Why: Slaves saw Christianity as a way to express desire for freedom/justice |
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Nat Turner's Rebellion
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Who: Nat Turner
When: 1831 Where: VA What: Rebellion w/ 5 other slaves against masters → plantation to plantation killing a total of 55 white ppl. Why: Exposed truth that force was what was keeping slaves under control, and there was always the possibility of revolt |
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Black Codes
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Who: State legislatures
When: 1830s Where: South What: Rules concerning free Af. Am.’s, like no firearms, no buying slaves (outside of their family), no testifying against whites, holding office, voting, or serving in the militia Why: Emphasis on white=free, black=slave |
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Nullification Crisis
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Who: States’ rights party
When: 1830s Where: SC What: Sectional crisis b/c of attempt to nullify federal law regarding slavery Why: The idea of secession was forming in the South over the conflicting beliefs about slavery between the states’ laws and the federal law |
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Indian Removal Act
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Who: President Andrew Jackson, Congress
When: 1830 Where: NA land What: State officials allowed to override federal protection of NA Why: NA forced off of land, like Trail of Tears—forced march in 1838 of Cherokee NA from GA W. |
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Bank War
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Who: Andrew Jackson
When: 1830s Where: Am. What: Jackson/Westerners distrust banks, Jackson talks of not rechartering Bank of U.S. Jackson victory (Bank = unconstitutional) Why: political/eco. Problems resulted. End of Am. Sys. laissez faire. Heat of Bank War two party system |
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Whigs
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Who: colonists; Henry Clay supporters
When: 1760s-70s; 1830s Where: Am. colonies What: resisted Br. Measures; anti-Jackson, heirs of Federalism Why: promoted Am. Sys. And commercialization |
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Specie Circular
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Who: Andrew Jackson
When: 1836 Where: Am. frontier What: only gold/silver could be used to buy public land Why: lead to six year recession, Panic of 1837 b/c of the collapse of baking system |
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Market Revolution
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Who: American factory owners and workers
When: mid-late 1800s Where: America What: outcome of transportation, commercialization, and industrialization developments Why: growing middle class, more jobs for women/children but bad pay strikes, unions, cash economy (not barter system) |
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Tammany Society
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Who: artisans, Delaware chief=Tammany
When: began in 1780s Where: NYC What: fraternal organization of artisans that met in a hall (Wigwam) and elected officers (sachems) Why: affiliation with Democratic Party, parades, rallies, songs, newspapers |
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Seneca Falls Convention
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Who: women
When: 1848 Where: upstate NY What: 1st women’s equality convention Why: became annual, and resulted in political/legal advancements for women |
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Shakers
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Who: followers of Mother Ann Lee
When: founded in 1774, grew between 1820-30 Where: America, around PA What: offshoot of Quakers, preached strict celibacy/communal living Why: highly structured lifestyle/isolation from changing world/beliefs of equality drew many new members esp. women |
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Liberty Party
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Who: abolitionists, James G. Birney = Prez. Candidate
When: founded 1840 Where: North What: 1st antislavery pol. party Why: Abolitionist movement/moral reform 1st step in pol. Civil War |
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Oregon Trail
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Who: American settlers
When: 1850s Where: Midwest to Oregon/California/Utah What: Overland trail >2,000 miles Why: trail that eased settlement; many offered help even to complete strangers |
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Tejanos
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Who: Texans
When: until 1850s? Where: Texas What: people of Spanish/Mexican descent born in Texas Why: small farmers/common laborers who faced threat of Comanche Indians. Americans, NAs, and Tejanos all wanted to fight and defend their land |
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Mexican American War
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Who: Mex/Am
When: 1846-48 Where: Mexican Territory; Texas What: War to fight for territory in SW N. Am. Why: Am. Victory more expansion/imperialism |
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Wilmot Proviso
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Who: Dem. David Wilmot
When: 1846 Where: acquired Mexican Territory What: the proposed amendment that no slavery should exist that territory Why: very controversial, couldn’t get N. and S. to agree, regardless of pol. Party. Wilmot pressured by practical politics b/c of rise of Lib. Party, not ideology |
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Compromise of 1850
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Who: Clay, Calhoun, Webster
When: 1850 Where: CA, NM, UT What: Four-step compromise, CA: free state, NM/UT settlers decide, end of slave trade in DC, Fugitive Slave Law Why: compromise between N., S., and W. regarding slavery. Fugitive Slave Law forced abolitionists/Northern authorities to turn in fugitive slaves to their owners in the South. sometimes helped escape to Canada. |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Who: introduced by Stephen Douglas
When: 1854 Where: Kansas and Nebraska What: law passed allowing slavery to be decided by state residents Why: b/c it repealed the MO Compromise, it lead to a lot of N. vs. S. compromise |
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Know Nothing Party
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Who: American Party (ex. whigs)
When: 1854 Where: New England What: when questioned about beliefs: response was ‘I know nothing’ Why: anti-immigration, party split by 1855 b/c of slavery/sectional differences |
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Dred Scott Decision
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Who: Dred Scott
When: decided on March 6, 1857 Where: free states IL & WI What: decided that the fed. gov. didn’t have power to interfere with property movement throughout states → dismissal of cases Why:Showed southern bias within the Supreme court and the supreme court justices. |
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John Brown's Raid
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Who: John Brown
When: 1856 Where: Kansas What: Brown slaughtered many pro-slavery men. He wanted a slave uprising, and believed he’d get support once slaves’ interest sparked. Why: it was poorly planned, he failed to notify VA slaves of their involvement, and Brown was captured, tried, and convicted on treason/murder → hanged. John Brown’s Raid was opposed by Republicans |
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Confederate States of America
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Who: President Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens (VP)
When: Feb. 1861 Where: SC and South What: nation of the South, opposed the Union. new Constitution that was essentially the same, but with pro-slavery/more states’ rights Why: led to the Civil War. France and Britain later refused to recognize it as a nation, despite its initial economic success, due to their failure in war |
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Homestead Act
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Who: Westerners, Congress
When: 1862 Where: West What: law passed that provided homesteads within 160 acres of free land in exchange of improving land within 5 yrs of grant (had to build house/cultivate some land/pay small fee) Why: push toward modern commercial agriculture |
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Peninsular Campaign
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Who: General George McClellan
When: 1861-1862 Where: Richmond What: offensive plan to capture Richmond, which led to the Seven Days Battle/Lincoln calls for a retreat Why: N. Virginia stalemate |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Who: Lincoln
When: Jan. 1, 1863 Where: Conf. States What: slaves → “forever free”; freed slaves in Conf. States in rebellion Why: Lincoln supported recruitment of Af. Am. soldiers → 200,000 Af. Ams. in Union army |
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Special Field Order 15
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Who: General William T. Sherman
When: 1865 Where: southern Atlantic coast What: gave 40 acres and a mule to freed men Why: To reward his troops of impoverished African Americans and give them a start to new life |
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Congressional Reconstruction
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Who: Republican Dominated Congress, President Johnson
When: 1867-1870 Where: Southern States What: period, called the Reconstruction era, where Congress tried to repair the destruction in the South Why: Re-united the US, but wasn't particularly successful b/c slavery wasn't completely gone (sharecropping/tennet farmers) and still discrimination (Jim Crow Laws) |
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Fifteenth Ammendment
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Who: All men citizens
When: 1869 Where: Congress, applied everywhere What: Garaunteed all men the right to vote, regardless of race Why: Big step in equality, but both angered women and pushed them to fight even harder for their own suffrage |
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Sharecropping
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Who: Freed Slaves, White Southerns
When: mid 1860's ish Where: South What: Labor system where landowners provided houses and farm animals and tools in exchange for a share of their crop Why: Very similar to slavery b/c they were tied to the land, and treated pretty badly too, so like a step backwards almost |
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Scalawags
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Who: Southern whites
When: 1860's/70's Where: South What: Southern whites (most small farmers/planters) who supported the southern Republican party & reconstruction Why: they wanted to return to normal and get help to fix the South from the destruction |
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Slaughterhouse Cases
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Who: Supreme Court
When: 1873 Where: US What: huge sweeping decision that declared that citizenship rights were under state not federal control Why: it contradicted the 14th ammendment and overruled that, and lead to a lot of the Blacks citizenships being stripped away again |
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Liberal Republicans
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Who: disaffected REpublicans
When: 1872 Where: US What: Why: |
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Compromise of 1877
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Who: Rutherford B. Hayes
When: 1877 Where: US What: congressional settling of 1876, gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South Why: completed the idea during Reconstruction that a strong federal government protected everyone |
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Treaty of Fort Laramie
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Who: US, Sioux
When: 1868 Where: South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana What: treaty acknowledging defeat in the Great Sioux War, and gave them land & hunting rights Why: Finally were sort of nice to the NAI, but when gold was discovered in those lands, they completely ignored the treaty -> no progress have been made, still horrible to the NAI |
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Dawes Severalty Act
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Who: Congress
When: 1887 Where: Congress What: ended tribal ownership of land and gave out small plots to individual NAI with the rest open to whites Why: it successfully undermined tribal sovereignty, but didn't give much compensation, didn't try to integrate them very much |
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Vertical Integration
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Who: Big businesses, ie. Andrew Carnegie
When: late 1800's Where: US, cities What: consolidating (owning) numerous production functions from the raw materials to marketing to final product Why: Controlled the whole process so they could make it cheaper, and therefore wipe out competition and then charge whatever they wanted to |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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Who: Chinese, Congress
When: 1882 Where: US What: act that suspended Chinese immigration, limited the rights of resident chinese, and forbad their naturalization Why: It showed the nativists discrimination, and how they didn't want "aliens" stealing their jobs |
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Knights of Labor
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Who: Everyone basically
When: 1869 Where: US What: A labor union that included all skilled or unskilled workers regardless of race or gender Why: Very successful group, was unique because they included everyone, lead to more specialized unions though after ending badly in Haymarket Square |
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American Federation of Labor
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Who: white skilled workers
When: 1886 Where: US What: Labor union that organized skilled whites into craft lines and stressed a few workplace issues rather than a bunch of broad ones Why: They didn't include women or African Americans, so they formed their own unions, but this was more effective because they focused on one thing |
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Gilded Age
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Who: Mark Twain (came up with it)
When: 19th century America Where: US What: refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth during that period, "flaunting it" Why: showed the new era following the civil war, lead to more big businesses and consumerism, and some public places like theaters were funded |
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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
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Farmer's Alliance
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Great Uprising
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Coxey's Army
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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Free Silver
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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Progressive Era
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Muckraking
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Initiative
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Wobblies
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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Federal Reserve Act
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Open Door
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Committee on Public Information
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War Industries Board (WIB)
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Sedition Act
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The Great Migration
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Versailles Treaty
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Red Scare
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Volstead Act
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Immigration Act
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Harlem Renaissance
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Bonus Army
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National Labor Relations Act
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New Deal Coalition
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