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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotic ribosomes are found in two main locations:
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-cytoplasmic matrix (inracellular proteins)
-associated with plasma membrane (extracellular proteins) |
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Crystal violet and safranin are acidic/basic?
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basic
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Eosin and nigrosin are acidic/basic?
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acidic
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Because cell surfaces are ________ charged, ________ dyes are generally better at staining cells
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negatively
basic |
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Acidic/basic dies are better at staining cells
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basic
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Cell surfaces are negatively/positively charged
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negatively
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Organisms of the genus _______ do not stain readily with the Gram-stain because of high surface lipid content
example organisms: |
Mycobacterium
M. tuberculosis M. leprae |
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M. tuberculosis and M. leprae do not stain well with the Gram stain because:
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high surface lipid content
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M. tuberculosis and M. leprae do not stain well with the _____ stain because of high surface lipid content. Instead the ______ stain is used.
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gram
acid-fast |
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Describe the Ziehl Nielson acid-fast method:
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Carbolfuchsin with heat
Acid alcohol Methylene blue |
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In the Kinyourn acid-fast stain, ____ is not required for the intracellular penetration of the primary stain
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heat
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Gram + bacteria stain this color:
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purple
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Gram - bacteria stain this color:
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red/pink
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Acid fast + bacteria stain this color:
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red
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Acid fast - bacteria stain this color:
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blue
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Bacillus and Clostridium are alike in that they produce:
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spores
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Describe the Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain method:
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Malachite green with heat
Water decolorizer Safranin counterstain |
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In a spore producer, the spore would appear this color and the cell would appear this color:
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green, pink/red
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This is used to coat a flagella so it can be viewed in a microscope:
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Tannic acid
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Difco flagellar stain uses this stain:
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crystal violet
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Gray flagellar stain uses this stain:
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carbolfuchsin
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West flagellar stain uses this stain:
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silver nitrate
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Negative staining does not involve heat fixing of the smear. this prevents the cell from doing this
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distorting
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______ staining does not involve heat fixing of the smear.
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negative
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Negative stains are used for the examination of:
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cell size, spirochetes
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These are methods of staining for capsules:
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Anthony method
Graham and Evans |
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In the Anthony capsule stain method, a loopful of bacteria on a slide is flooded with ____ and decolorized with _____
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crystal violet
copper sulfate |
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In Graham and Evans capsule stain method, bacteria are mixed with _____ and spread in a thin film across the slide. The mixture is then stained with ______
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congo red/india ink/nigrosin
safranin/crystal violet |
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Dark-field microscope is used to see:
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Spirochetes
Flagella Live, unstained cells |
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Used to observe viable, unstained microorganisms:
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phase-contrast
dark-field |
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Fluorescence is defined as:
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the emission of visible light when illuminated by light of a shorter wavelength
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These dyes are used in fluorochroming:
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acridine orange
auramine calcofluor white |
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This dye is most commonly used in immunofluorescence:
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fluorescein isothiocyanate
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Fluorescence microscopy is widely used in:
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-detection of various bacteria and viruses in clinical samples
detection and enumeration of microorganisms in environmental and food samples |
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Variations of light microscopy that provide 3D images:
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differential interference contrast microscopy
confocal scanning laser microscopy atomic force microscopy |
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List the order of parts of a transmission electron microscope starting with the electron gun.
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Electron gun
Magnetic condenser lens Aperture Specimen Magnetic objective lens Aperture Magnetic intermediate lens Magnetic projection lens Aperture Final image |
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Describe the process for preparing a specimen for transmission electron microscopy:
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-sample fixed, dehydrated and embedded in resin
-ultrathin sections are cut -sections stained with heavy metal salts to increase contrast -specimen mounted on metal grid and viewed |
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Transmission electron microscope magnification is:
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1,000,000X
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Transmission electron microscope resolution is:
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.1nm
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The scanning electron microscope is used for:
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examination of whole cells, detailed cell surface structures, as well as colonies
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List the order of parts of a scanning electron microscope starting with the electron gun.
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Electron gun
Aperture Magnetic condenser lens Aperture Magnetic objective lens Aperture Scanning coils Magnetic condenser lens Aperture Specimen Electron collector->signal for electronic image formation |
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When the beam of a scanning electron microscope strikes surface particles of the specimen, this happens:
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secondary electrons are emitted
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Describe the process for preparing a specimen for scanning electron microscopy:
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-Microbes are fixed and dehydrated
-Coated with a thin layer of heavy metal |
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Scanning electron microscope magnification is:
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200,000X
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Scanning electron microscope resolution is:
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2nm
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Scanning tunneling microscope magnification is:
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100,000,000X
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Scanning tunneling microscope resolution is:
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.01nm
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The scanning electron and transmission electron microscope must operate inside of a:
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vacuum
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The scanning tunnelling microscope can be used in:
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a vacuum, ambient air or liquid
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A prokaryotic cell can be divided into three architectural regions:
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cell envelope
cytoplasm appendages |
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Starting with the outermost layer, a prokaryotic cell envelope consists of:
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glycocalyx
cell wall cell membrane |
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The glycocalyx can be in these forms:
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slime layer
capsule |
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Rhuthenium red is used for:
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Dying small capsules and observing under electron microscopy
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Gram-positive species make up these phyla:
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Firmicutes
Actinobacteria |
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Gram-negative species make up these phyla:
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Proteobacteria
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Gram positive cell walls have about ______ peptidoglycan layers
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20-30
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Gram positive cell walls have ____ crosslinked tetrapeptide chains
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75%
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These are polyglycerol or polyribitol phosphate, usually have D-alanine attached, covalently bonded to peptidoglycan:
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teichoic acids
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These are the functions of teichoic acids:
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-bind and transport cations
-help maintain structure of peptidoglycan layer -act as receptor for bacteriophages |
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These are almost always polyglycerol phosphates anchored in the cell membrane:
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lipoteichoic acids
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These are the functions of lipoteichoic acids:
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-bind and transport cations
-form link that stabilizes cell membrane and PG layer -promote adherence of some bacteria to oral mucosa |
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These bind and transport cations, form alink that stabilizes cell membrane and peptidoglycan layer, and promote adherence of some bacteria to oral mucosa:
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lipoteichoic acids
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These bind and transport cations and halp maintain structure of peptidoglycan layer and act as a receptor for bacteriophages:
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teichoic acids
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These four amino acids are linked to NAM in gram + bacteria:
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L-alanine
D-glutamate L-lysine D-alanine |
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These four amino acids are linked to NAM in gram - bacteria:
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L-alanine
D-glutamate meso-diaminopimelate D-alanine |
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Gram negative cell walls have about ______ peptidoglycan layers
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2-3
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Gram negative cell walls have ____ crosslinked tetrapeptide chains
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25%
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Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids are found in these types of bacteria:
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Gram +
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A Gram - outer membrane consists of:
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porins
adhesion sites lipoproteins lipopolysaccharide |
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Porins are described as:
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trimeric trans membrane proteins
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Adhesion sites are also known as:
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Bayer's junctions
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Adhesion sites function is:
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connect outer membrane to cytoplasmic membrane
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Lipoprotein is also known as:
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Braun's lipoprotein
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Lipoproteins function to:
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anchor outer membrane to peptidoglycan layer
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Lipid A functions to:
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anchor LPS to outer membrane, confers toxic properties
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This part of lipopolysaccharide anchors it to the outer membrane.
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Lipid A
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Lipopolysaccharide is composed of:
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Lipid A
Core polysaccharide O-side chain |
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This part of lipopolysaccharide confers antigenic properties:
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O-side-chain
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This part of lipopolysaccharide has a fairly constant composition while this part differs greatly:
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core polysaccharide
O-side-chain |
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Hydrolytic enzymes, binding proteins and chemoreceptors are found here:
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periplasmic space
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Periplasmic space consists of:
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the area between outer and cell membranes:
peptidoglycan layer hydrolytic enzymes binding protein chemoreceptors |
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This breaks a cell wall's beta-1,4 bonds:
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lysozyme
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Lysozyme does this:
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breaks cell wall's beta-1,4 bonds
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These have sterols in their cell membranes:
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Mycoplasmas
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These have membranes made up of glycerol tetraethers linked to glucose and mannose:
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Thermoplasma
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Mycobacteria contain a very unusual cell wall structure:
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Atypical peptidoglycan layer
Thin layer of arabinogalactan Thick layer of mycolic acid Lipoarabinomannan |
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These have an unusually thick envelope made up of atypical components. This protects it from drying, antibiotics and the immune system but:it retards uptake of nutrients and makes them very slow growers.
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Mycobacteria
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This is the location of crucial metabolic processes including respiration; synthesis of cell wall constituents and chromosome segregation:
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plasma membrane
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We use this model of plasma membranes:
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Singer-Nicholson model
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Phospholipids in bacteria are made up of:
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phosphate attached to glycerol
two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages |
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Something that is amphipathic is:
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a molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
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Peripheral proteins make up about ____ of the membrane and integral proteins make up about ___
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20-30%
70-80% |
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These membrane proteins are amphipathic:
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integral
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Archeael cell membranes have ___ proteins than bacterial cell membranes do.
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more
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Internal membrane systems are most often found in:
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photosynthetic bacteria
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The prokaryotic genetic material typically consists of:
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single circle of double-stranded DNA
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The prokaryotic genetic material typically consists of a single circle of double-stranded DNA. Some bacteria have two chromosomes:
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Rhodobacter sphaeroides
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The prokaryotic genetic material typically consists of a single circle of double-stranded DNA. Some bacteria have linear chromosomes:
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Streptomyces
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The genome sizes of:
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya |
Bacteria .58-10Mb
Archaea .5 - 5.8Mb Eukarya 3 -4000+ Mb |
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Define the ribosomal subunits and total monosome size of the following:
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya (cytoplasm) Eukarya (organelles) |
Bacteria 30S, 50S = 70S
Archaea 30S, 50S = 70S Eukarya (cytoplasm) 40S, 60S = 80S Eukarya (organelle) 30S, 50S = 70S |
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Archaea are not sensitive to chemicals that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis: T/F
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T
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Archaea are not sensitive to diptheria toxin and anisomycin: T/F
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F
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Archaea are sensitive to these chemicals but resistant to these:
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eukaryal protein synthesis inhibitors
bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors |
