Uses Of Subjunctive

Front 1

Eamus

Back 1

Let us go. (Hortatory Subjunctive)

Front 2

Amemus patriam

Back 2

Let us love our country. (Hortatory Subjunctive)

Front 3

Dicat

Back 3

Let him tell. (Jussive Subjunctive) (3rd sing. and 3rd pl.)

Front 4

Dicant

Back 4

Let them tell. (Jussive Subjunctive) (3rd sing. and 3rd pl.)

Front 5

Servi id faciant

Back 5

Let the slaves do it. (Jussive Subjunctive) (3rd sing. and 3rd pl.)

Front 6

Ne repugnetis

Back 6

Do not resist! Prohibitive Subjunctive (or Negative Command) (2nd and 3rd sing. and pl. + ne)

Front 7

Ne haec facias

Back 7

Don't do this! Prohibitive Subjunctive (or Negative Command) (2nd and 3rd sing. and pl. + ne)

Front 8

Quid faciam

Back 8

What shall I do? Deliberative Subjunctive (used in questions and exclamation implying doubt, indignation, the impossibility of an act, obligation)

Front 9

Ego redeam

Back 9

I go back! Deliberative Subjunctive (used in questions and exclamation implying doubt, indignation, the impossibility of an act, obligation)

Front 10

Huic cedamus

Back 10

Are we to yield to this man?Deliberative Subjunctive (used in questions and exclamation implying doubt, indignation, the impossibility of an act, obligation)

Front 11

Quid facerem

Back 11

What was I to do? Deliberative Subjunctive (used in questions and exclamation implying doubt, indignation, the impossibility of an act, obligation)

Front 12

Ego perturber

Back 12

What me worry! Deliberative Subjunctive (used in questions and exclamation implying doubt, indignation, the impossibility of an act, obligation)

Front 13

Sit hoc verum

Back 13

I grant that this is true (literally, let this be true) Concessive Subjunctive (used to indicate something as granted or conceded for the sake of argument)

Front 14

Ne sint in senectute vires

Back 14

I grant there is not strength in old age. Concessive Subjunctive (used to indicate something as granted or conceded for the sake of argument) Negative = ne

Front 15

Falsus utinam vates sim

Back 15

Oh that I may be a false prophet! Optative Subjunctive (for expressions of wishing) (Used with and without utinam)

Front 16

Di istaec prohibeant

Back 16

May the gods prevent that!Optative Subjunctive (for expressions of wishing) (Used with and without utinam)

Front 17

Ne veniant

Back 17

May they not come! Optative Subjunctive (for expressions of wishing) (Used with and without utinam) Negative = ne

Front 18

Utinam istud ex animo diceres

Back 18

Would that you were saying that in earnest! Optative Subjunctive (for expressions of wishing) (Used with and without utinam)

Front 19

Utinam ne natus essem

Back 19

Would that I had not been born! Optative Subjunctive (for expressions of wishing) (Used with and without utinam) Negative = ne

Front 20

With the Optative Subjunctive what does a verb in the present subjunctive mean?

Back 20

The wish is possible.

Front 21

With the Optative Subjunctive what does a verb in the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive mean?

Back 21

The wish is impossible.

Front 22

Dicat

Back 22

Someone may say. Potential Subjunctive (expresses a possibility) Negative = non Note: Present and perfect used interchangeably

Front 23

Dixerit

Back 23

Someone may say. Potential Subjunctive (expresses a possibility) Negative = non Note: Present and perfect used interchangeably

Front 24

Edimus ut vivamus

Back 24

We eat (in order) that we may live. Purpose Clause (Introduced by ut (uti), quo, ne, and sometimes ut ne, sometimes by a relative pronoun.

Front 25

Adjuta me quo hoc fiat facilius

Back 25

Help me in order that this may be done more easily. Purpose Clause (Introduced by ut (uti), quo, ne, and sometimes ut ne, sometimes by a relative pronoun. Note: Quo is used when the purpose clause contains a comparative (or a comparative idea).

Front 26

Portas clausit ne iniuriam acciperent

Back 26

He closed the gates lest they receive an injury (that they might not receive an injury). Purpose Clause (Introduced by ut (uti), quo, ne, and sometimes ut ne, sometimes by a relative pronoun.

Front 27

Quis tam demens est ut sua voluntate maereat

Back 27

Who is so senseless as to mourn of his own volition? Result Clause (Introduced by ut (that, so that) ut non (so that not) quin = ut non / Main clause often contains tantus, talis, tot, tam, ita, sic, adeo

Front 28

Nemo est tam senex qui se annum non putet posse vivere

Back 28

Nobody is so old as not to think he can live a year. Result Clause (Introduced by ut (that, so that) ut non (so that not) quin = ut non / Main clause often contains tantus, talis, tot, tam, ita, sic, adeo

Front 29

Nihil tam difficile est quin quaerendo investigari possit

Back 29

Nothing is so difficult that it cannot be discovered by searching. Result Clause (Introduced by ut (that, so that) ut non (so that not) quin = ut non / Main clause often contains tantus, talis, tot, tam, ita, sic, adeo

Front 30

Tanta erat caedes ut perpauci effugerent

Back 30

So great was the slaughter that very few escaped. Result Clause (Introduced by ut (that, so that) ut non (so that not) quin = ut non / Main clause often contains tantus, talis, tot, tam, ita, sic, adeo

Front 31

Dic mihi ubi fueris, quid feceris

Back 31

Tell me where you were, what you did. Indirect Question.

Front 32

Scio ubi sit

Back 32

I know where he is. Indirect Question.

Front 33

Sensit quid agerent

Back 33

He realized what they were doing. Indirect Question.

Front 34

Postquam Cicero audivit Romanos vicisse, legatos misit

Back 34

After Cicero heard that the Romans had won, he sent envoys. Temporal Clause. Introduced by postquam (posteaquam) = after, ut, ubi = where, cum primum, simul, simul ac, simul atque = as soon as / When these are used to refer to a single past act, they regularly take the Perfect Indicative.

Front 35

Id ut audivit, contendit ad exercitum

Back 35

When he heard this, he hurried to the army. Temporal Clause. Introduced by postquam (posteaquam) = after, ut, ubi = where, cum primum, simul, simul ac, simul atque = as soon as / When these are used to refer to a single past act, they regularly take the Perfect Indicative.

Front 36

Hostes, ubi aliquos egredientes conspexerant, adoriebantur

Back 36

Whenever the enemy had seen any men disembarking, they attacked them. Temporal Clause. Introduced by postquam (posteaquam) = after, ut, ubi = where, cum primum, simul, simul ac, simul atque = as soon as / To denote repeated occurrence of an act, ut, ubi, and simul atque regularly take the Pluperfect Indicative.

Front 37

Eo tempore paruit, cum parere necesse erat

Back 37

He obeyed at the time when it was necessary to obey. Temporal Clause / When cum refers to the past it takes the indicative (Imperfecct, Historical Perfect, Pluperfect) to denote the point of time at which something occurs.

Front 38

Cum vellet leges commutare, prohibitus est

Back 38

When he desired to change the laws, he was prevented. Temporal Clause / cum takes the subjunctive (Imperfect, Pluperfect) to denote the situation or circumstances under which something occurs.

Front 39

cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, deferebatur ad cubiculum

Back 39

Whenever he arrived at some town, he was carried to his room. Temporal Clause. To denote a recurring action in the past, cum is followed by the indicative, especially the Pluperfect.

Front 40

Cum videbis, tum scies

Back 40

When you see, then you will know. Temporal Clause. When cum refers to the present or future, it regularly takes the indicative

Front 41

Multa sunt quae mentem acuant

Back 41

There are many things which sharpen the mind. Characteristic Clause. a relative clause used to express a quality or characteristic of a general or indefinite antecedent) Note: this is not the same as relative clauses which are used to state some fact about a definite antecedent, e.g. Cato, qui Sapiens appellatus est, Cato who was called "The Wise"

Front 42

Sunt qui dicant

Back 42

There are (some) who say. Characteristic Clause. a relative clause used to express a quality or characteristic of a general or indefinite antecedent) Note: this is not the same as relative clauses which are used to state some fact about a definite antecedent, e.g. Cato, qui Sapiens appellatus est, Cato who was called "The Wise"

Front 43

Nemo est qui nesciat

Back 43

There is nobody who does not know. Characteristic Clause. a relative clause used to express a quality or characteristic of a general or indefinite antecedent) Note: this is not the same as relative clauses which are used to state some fact about a definite antecedent, e.g. Cato, qui Sapiens appellatus est, Cato who was called "The Wise"

Front 44

Causal Clauses are introduced by ...

Back 44

quod, quia, quoniam, cum, quando

Front 45

In Causal Clauses quod, quia, and quoniam take the indicative when ...

Back 45

the reason is that of the writer or speaker.

Front 46

In Causal Clauses quod, quia, and quoniam take the subjunctive when ...

Back 46

the reason is viewed as that of another.

Front 47

Non quod and non quia are usually employed to introduce...

Back 47

a hypothetical reason and therefore take the subjunctive. When they state a fact, they take the indicative.

Front 48

Quae cum ita sint

Back 48

Since these things are so. Cum causal clause, which regularly take the subjunctive.

Front 49

Causal Clauses with Quando...

Back 49

Regularly take the indicative.

Front 50

Postulo ut fiat

Back 50

I demand that it be done. Indirect Commands / Introduced by ut, ne, ut ne Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation.

Front 51

Helvetiis persuasit ut exirent

Back 51

He persuaded the Helvetii to march out. Indirect Commands / Introduced by ut, ne, ut ne Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation.

Front 52

Orat ne abeas

Back 52

He begs that you will not go away. Indirect Commands / Introduced by ut, ne, ut ne Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation.

Front 53

Consuli permissum est ut duas legiones scriberet

Back 53

The consul was permitted to enroll two legions. Indirect Commands / Introduced by ut, ne, ut ne Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation.

Front 54

Prohibuit quominus in unum coirent

Back 54

He prevented them from coming together. Introduced by ne, quin, quominus (with verbs of preventing, hindering, etc.) Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation.

Front 55

Quis dubitat in virtute divitiae sint

Back 55

Who doubts that in virtue there are riches? Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation.

Front 56

Timeo ne veniat

Back 56

I fear that he will come. Introduced by ne, quin, quominus (with verbs of preventing, hindering, etc.) Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation. Note: With expressions of fearing (timeo, metuo, vereor, etc.), ne means 'that', and ut means 'that not'

Front 57

Timeo ut veniat

Back 57

I fear that he will not come. Noun Clause (also called Substative Clause) a noun clause is one which as a whole serves as the subject or object of a verb, or stands in some other case relation. Note: With expressions of fearing (timeo, metuo, vereor, etc.), ne means 'that', and ut means 'that not'

Front 58

Bene mihi evenit, quod mittor ad mortem

Back 58

It is well for me that I am sent to death. Noun Clause. Introduced by quod, 'the fact that', 'that' + indicative

Front 59

Si id faciat, prudens sit

Back 59

If he were to (should) do it, he would be wise. Conditional Clause. Less vivid.

Front 60

Si hoc dicas, erres

Back 60

If you should say this, you would be mistaken. Conditional Clause. Less vivid.

Front 61

Si id faceret, prudens esset

Back 61

If he were doing it, he would be wise. Conditional Clause. Contrary to Fact (Present time)

Front 62

Si amici mei adessent, opis non indigerem

Back 62

If my friends were here, I would not lack assistance. Conditional Clause. Contrary to Fact (Present time)

Front 63

Si id fecisset, prudens fuisset

Back 63

If he had done it, he would have been wise. Contrary to Fact (Past Time)

Front 64

Si hoc dixisses, errasses

Back 64

If you had said this, you would have been mistaken. Contrary to Fact (Past Time)

Front 65

Edimus ut vivamus

Back 65

We eat in order to live. Purpose Clause.

Front 66

Portas clausit ne quam oppidani iniuriam acciperent.

Back 66

He closed the gates lest the townspeople (should) receive any injury. Purpose Clause.

Front 67

Pugnabant ut vincerent

Back 67

They fought to conquer. Purpose Clause.

Front 68

Helvetii legatos miserunt qui dicerent

Back 68

The Helvetii sent envoys to say... Relative Purpose Clause.

Front 69

Non is sum qui improbos laudem.

Back 69

I am not the sort of man that praises the wicked. Relative Characteristic Clause.

Front 70

Sunt qui dicant

Back 70

There are (some) who say... Relative Characteristic Clause.

Front 71

Nemo est qui nesciat

Back 71

There is nobody who is ignorant... Relative Characteristic Clause.

Front 72

Multi fuerunt qui tranquilitatem expetentes a negotiis publicis se removerint

Back 72

There have been many who, in search for quiet, have withdrawn themselves from public engagements. Relative Characteristic Clause.

Front 73

Nemo adeo ferus est ut non mitescere possit

Back 73

No one is so savage that he cannot soften. Result Clause.

Front 74

Nil tam difficile est quin quaerendo investigari possit

Back 74

Nothing is so hard that it cannot be discovered by search. Result Clause.

Front 75

Tanta vis probitatis est ut eam in hoste etiam diligamus

Back 75

The force of uprightness is so great that we love it even in an enemy. Result Clause.

Front 76

Nemo est tam senex qui se annum non putet posse vivere

Back 76

Nobody is so old as not to think he can live a year. Relative Result Clause.

Front 77

Name as many verbs as possible that commonly introduce an indirect statement:

Back 77

dico "say, tell, mention"
nego, "deny, say...not"
aio, "say affirm"
nuntio, "announce"
scribo, "write"
doceo, "teach, instruct"
ostendo, "show, make plain, declare"
scio, "know, have learned, perceive"
nescio, "not to know, to be ignorant of not to understand"
intellego (intelligo), "understand, perceive, comprehend, observe, feel"
memoria teneo, "remember"
credo, "believe, think"
puto, "believe, suppose, consider"
spero, "hope, expect"
audio, "hear"
video, "see, perceive"
respondeo, "answer"
demonstro, "show, indicate, point out"
cognosco (nosco), "notice, perceive, see know, remark"
arbitror, "think, hear, perceive"
fateor, "confess, admit"

Front 78

impero

Back 78

(+dative + ut + subjunctive) "order, command" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 79

persuadeo

Back 79

(+dative + ut + subjunctive) "persuade" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 80

permitto

Back 80

(+dative + ut + subjunctive) "allow, permit" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 81

hortor, exhortor

Back 81

(+accusative + ut + subjunctive) "exhort, encourage" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 82

moneo

Back 82

(+accusative + ut + subjunctive) "advise, remind, warn" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 83

oro

Back 83

(+accusative + ut + subjunctive) "beg, entreet, pray, beseech" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 84

rogo

Back 84

(+accusative + ut + subjunctive) "ask, entreat, beseech, request" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 85

impello

Back 85

(+accusative + ut + subjunctive) "incite, urge on, impel" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 86

peto

Back 86

(+ab + ablative + ut + subjunctive) "ask, beseech, request, entreat" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 87

quaero

Back 87

(+ab + ablative + ut + subjunctive) "ask" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 88

impetro

Back 88

(+ab + ablative + ut + subjunctive) "get, obtain" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 89

postulo

Back 89

(+ab + ablative + ut + subjunctive) "demand, beg, entreat, ask, request" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)

Front 90

precor

Back 90

(+ab + ablative + ut + subjunctive) "beg entreat, request" Jussive Noun Clause (Ut-Noun Clause, Indirect Command)