Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Apical Meristems
|
Light and CO2 mainly above ground.
H2O and mineral sources in the soil shoot-root 2 meristems |
4 Pts
|
|
|
Embryophytes
Name example |
multicellular embryos dependent on parent plant
large trees and angiosperms |
|
|
|
Alternations of generations
5 pts |
Not in charophytes, but in other algae
independently derived in land plants gametophyte haploid sporophyte diploid different phenotype |
|
|
|
Sporopollenin
|
Sporangia that produce walled spores
|
|
|
|
Gametangia
|
reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of male antheridium and female archegonium
a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed |
|
|
|
function of Sporangia on the sporophyte
|
produce spores
|
|
|
|
what do diploid spore mother cells undergo?
|
meiosis, generate haploid spores
|
|
|
|
what phyla produce gametophytes within the gametangia
|
bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms
|
|
|
|
archegonium
|
female gametangium
single egg cell in vase-shaped organ egg retained within base |
|
|
|
antheridium
|
male gametangium
many sperm cells with flagella usually |
|
|
|
cuticle
|
cover of epidermis of shoot
composed of polyesters and waxes protection from microbial attack prevent excessive H2O loss |
4 pts
|
|
|
stomata
|
pores in epidermis
exchange of CO2 and O2 controlled evaporation necessary for -photosynthesis -H2O transport guard cells open and close stomata |
4 pts, 1 subpt
|
|
|
secondary compounds
|
produced from primary metabolites
alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, phenolics |
|
|
|
primary metabolites
|
lipids, carbohydrates, other compounds common to all organisms
|
|
|
|
functions of secondary compounds
|
toxins against herbivores, antimicrobials, UV absorption, communication with symbionts, support (lignin)
pharmaceuticals |
|
|
|
alkaloid quinine
|
antimalaria drug
|
|
|
|
salicilic acid
|
aspirin
|
|
|
|
Plant evolution
|
500mya
from charophyceans |
|
|
|
Similarity between land plants and charophyceans
|
presence of chlorophyll b and beta carotene in grana of thylakoids and similar chloroplast DNA sequesnce
cellulose content 20-26%, rosettes manufacturing same peroxisomes, antiphotorespiration presence of phragmoplasts only found in green algae and plants same flagellated sperm with similar ultrastructure evidence from DNA sequence |
6 pts
|
|
|
alternation of generations in Chara and Colochaeta
|
haploid gametophyte
absence of multicellular, diploid sporophyte - zygot only diploid stage - produces immediately haploid spores by meiosis - zygote nourished by gametophyte |
|
|
|
alternation of generations in typical land plant
|
presence of diploid sporophyte
- zygote produces multicellular sporophyte by mitosis - sporophyte produces spores by meiosis |
|
|
|
delayed meiosis produces sporophyte
|
slide diagram - needs further studying!! don't understand
|
|
|
|
adaptations to life on land
carophyceans in shallow water |
occasional drying
drought resistant zygotes covered by sporopollenin, precursor to spore wall |
|
|
|
advantages of colonizing land
|
space
more light (pro and con) abundance of CO2 nutrient rich soil few herbivores (initially) |
5 pts
|
|
|
viridiplantae
|
chlorophytes
charophyceans embryophytes |
|
|
|
streptophyta
|
charophyceans
embryophytes |
|
|
|
plantae
|
embryophytes
|
|
|
|
3 phyla of bryophyes
|
heptaphyla - liverworts
anthocerophyta - hornworts bryophyta - mosses |
|
|
|
model of eraliest land plants
|
anterhocerophyta and hepatophyta
|
|
|
|
bryophyte life cycle
|
gametophyte dominant
- sporophyte smaller, temporal spores produce gametophyte by mitosis gametophyte from protonema: - branched filaments, single cel thinck - with meristems = growth regions - gametophores (macroscopic "moss") produce gametes - reproductive organs - antheridia/archegonia |
|
|
|
gametophyte structure
|
only a few cells thick
- all cells close to H2O and minerals - most lack H2O vascular system - if present, not lignified - limitation on size, usually a few cm anchoring with rhizoids - no water vascular system - water and nutrient absorption honrwoths and liverworths - flat structure close to ground sporophyute retained on gametophyte - large # of spores |
|
|
|
sporophytes
|
sporophyte first gree, brown when releasing spores
|
|
|
|
liverworths
|
simplest of all plants
stalk with sporangia |
|
|
|
hornworths
|
larer, more complex
like mosses with stomata |
|
|
|
mosses
|
foot, stalk (stea), sporangium (capsule)
|
|
