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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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National Labour union formed |
1866 8hr day. Federal labour department. first mass union Disappeared after 1869 |
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Knights of labour formed |
1869 intended to unite skilled and unskilled from 1879 as well as women. By 1881 membership at 20,000 destroyed by haymarket |
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Wabash Railroad Strike (KOL) |
1885
increased membership to 700,000 in 1886 |
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Molly Maguires |
1970 -78 Violence, sabotage and murder Infiltrated by pinkertons. Turned public perception against unions |
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Haymarket Affair |
1886 Violence between striking workers and police 4 police killed public still against unions,KoL severely weakened as a result |
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AFL Formed |
1886 Politically involved. Replaced KoL. Gompers Supported by big business i.e JP morgan by 1910 = 2 million members |
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Sherman Anti-trust laws |
1890 Outlaw unions as they ”stopped trade”. Used by employers. law to harm/negative view by employers |
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Homestead strike |
1892 Carnegie’s steel company. Involved AA and KoL. stopped “Scab labour”. Frick stockpiled enough steel to not be affected. Violence. 16 leaders arrested. Frick actively destroyed a union by tricking them into striking. KoL and AA = bankrupted and destroyed |
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Pullman strike |
1894 Cause = Attempts to negotiate wage increase ended in 3 workers being sacked. ARU members = stopped using pullman carriage trains- major rail disruption. Appeal to FG. Cleveland sebd federal troops to break because movement - mail being interfered with. FG used. Collective bargaining still not being recognized - anti-union perception |
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International workers of the world formed Wobblies. |
1905 Rights of poor/immigrant workers. Violent methods - i.e overcrowding prison until all members released. disbanded in 1924 due to schism negative public perception for unions |
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Lochner v New York |
1905 Used 14th amendment to declare a law that enforced a 10hr working dat unconstitutional. FG/SC involvement 1910 = 2 million union members increased popularity? |
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Department of Labour created |
1912 federal govt intervention. Democrats and unions together |
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Clayton Antitrust Act |
1914 limited the use of court injunctions against striking workers overturned sherman anti-trust democrats and union together |
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AFL membership at 2 million members |
1914 although only represented a small % of the workforce |
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National war labour board |
1918 guaranteed rights of workers to join unions and collectively bargain. 8hr days major union gains made during the war. Membership up to 5 million by 1920 |
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Coolidge Boston Police Strikes |
1919 Use of Military Intervention here |
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Economic Boom |
1920s Union membership decreases, prosperity means did not need unions. external influences |
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Yellow dog contracts |
1920s Banned workers from joining unions Improvements to working conditions employers against unions, workers benefiting? |
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Wobblies membership - 1923 |
100 000 |
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Great depression |
1930s Rising unemployment Frequent conflict between workers and employers only 10% of the workforce = unionised |
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1933 - Trade Union membership |
3.7 million |
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National industry recovery act |
1933 established the national recovery administration; collective bargaining introduced declared unconstitutional by supreme court in 1935 many employers refused to sign NRA codes and if they did, codes favoured employers |
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National mediation board Set up |
1934 by FDR to chair railway disputes. Aim = settle disputes quickly. only applied to railway industry |
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National labour relations (Wagner) Act |
1935 gave the workers rights to organise unions, collectively bargain Aimed for cooperation about key issues first piece of national legislation that recognized the right to elect representatives to bargain. Union membership up to 9 million in 1938 |
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National Labor Relations Board |
1935 power to reinstate dismissed workers. helping workers and stopping employers and stopping employers from sacking striking workers federal intervention |
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Congress of industrial organisations formed (CIO) |
1935 Formed as a breakaway with the AFL Helped members in mass production industries. Used sit-in strikes against motors. 3.7 million members. Gained recognition from car industry for workers to unionise - Ford |
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Fair labour standards Act |
1938 $25 minimum wage Introduced $25 minimum wage per week and stopped employment of under 16s. helping workers |
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Trade Union membership at 9 million |
1938 |
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TU = 8.9 million |
TU = 8.9 million |
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National war labour board |
1941 Controlled wages, gave president power to take control of factory. strike that threatened war production. union membership grew from 8.9 million to 14.8 million wages increased |
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Fair employment practices committee |
1941 Democrats trying to help blacks Lacked enforcement |
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TU = 14.8 million |
1945 |
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Taft-Hartley Act |
1947 Made closed shop illegal, restricted union powers and forced all union leaders to swear non-communist allegiance. passed over truman's veto. Undid all of the word from the past decades. republican congress hindering. Democrat presidents trying to help |
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3,606 strikes |
1950 |
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McCarthyism and Anti-communism |
1950-70 |
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Blue collar workers decrease |
1950s New jobs mainly in service and white collar. Signed no strike agreement. union presence in government areas decreased |
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AFL-CIO |
1955 16 million members 85% Union members under a single banner acting for themselves |
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Union membership increased by 3 million since 1950 |
1960 Membership in blue collar jobs drop by over 50% [unions = growing in one area but not in another] |
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35 million americans lived below the poverty line |
1960 20% of population. need for the trade unions in these areas |
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JFK tries to increase minimum wage Bill |
1961 rejected republican congress hindering |
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Equal pay act |
1963 Made wage discrimination by gender illegal. JFK is helping workers directly |
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Economic opportunity act |
1964 job corps to train young people to increase employability helped this age group but not others unions don’t benefit, others do |
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Civil rights Act |
1964 Prohibited discrimination by race religion. helped minorities but not others socialist democrat president |
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4,511 strikes |
1965 |
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Age discrimination in Employment Act |
1968 Prohibited discrimination in hiring/firing people between 40 and 65. helped this age group but no one else workers rights helped not unions |
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Union workers earned 20% more than nonunion workers |
1960s Shows union successes union strength |
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Occupational safety and health act |
1970 Established health and safety regulations in the workplace. meant that the department of labor was responsible for H&S standards not an independent board. |
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Union membership in public sector increased |
1970s Union strength |
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Non-unionised companies had greater flexibility in setting wages = more competitive |
1970s Response = many employers ignored laws on dealing with workers. [employers saw they could get away with it, due to slow responses] [balance swings in favour of employers] [government inaction like pre 1894] |
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first nationwide strike of public employees |
1970 US post [Large scale][Alienated public opinion] |
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Teachers strike |
1972 Large scale Alienated public opinion |
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American federation of state, county and municipal employees strike |
1975 800,000 members went on strike alienated public opinion public sector strikes angered public |
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President carter and congress established higher hourly minimum wage |
1977 federal government together helping workers democrat and federal helping worker’s right helped, not unions |
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Reagan appoints members of the labor relations board that shared his radical view against unions |
1980s future judgements more likely to support the employer |
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PATCO strike |
1981 11,000 fired Strike involved 13 000 members. Used army to replace them. Gives strikes lifetime federal employment ban. [hostile action used to crush a union][Reputation of other unions also hurt] [federal troops used liked pullman] |
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Union membership falls from 19,381,000 [27.3%] to 16,740,000 [16.1%] |
1970 - 1990 By 2000 = 7% [union losses means that they weren't in a strong position. Increase seen in public sector job membership of unions but overall decline in private industry outweighs any gains for unions] |
