Us & The World

Front 1

Trail of Tears (1838)

Back 1

This is part of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Policy. The Cherokee Nation was forced to migrate from lands east of the Mississippi to present-day Oklahoma. There were 17,000 Cherokees who were forced to emigrate, and 4-6,000 died on the trek.

Front 2

Indian Removal Act (1830)

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Andrew Jackson's policy that authorized the president to negotiate with southern Indian tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the MS River.

Front 3

Five Civilized Tribes (1820-1830s)

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Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole. First tribes anglo-americans considered to be "civilized" because they adopted parts of American culture such as governments, liberty, etc..

Front 4

The Marshall Cases (1823, 1831, 1832)

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Cases under Chief Justice John Marshall. Three primary cases affected Native American removal.

1. Johnson v McIntosh (1823): Ruled that Indian tribes had right to Indian lands and only the federal govt could take it, not states.

2. Cherokee Nation v GA (1831): Est'd "trust" relationship w tribes under federal authority, like guardian and a ward. Because Cherokee was "foreign nation" they couldn't get a ruling.

3. Worcester v GA (1832): Est'd tribal authority w/in their boundaries. Cherokees, recognized as "sovereign nation" (Marshall Court also saw Marbury v. Madison (Con Review), McCulloch v Maryland (Bank of USA), and Gibbons v Ogden (Congress power of Interstate Commerce)

Front 5

Caroline Incident (1837)

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First in series of events creating tension between US & Britain. USS Caroline was supplying Canadian rebels, and it was set on fire by Brit Royal Navy, and they cast her adrift over Niagara Falls. The Canadians/Americans responded by raiding the Sir Robert Peel, and the attacks escalated until Battle of Windmill (1838).

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Creole Incident (1838)

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Another event that contributed to US-British tension. Slave revolt aboard the US slave ship (USS Creole), 128 slaves sailed to Nassau during the Webster-Ashburton Treaty negotiations, and the British recognized their freedom there.

Front 7

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

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Treaty between Sect. of State Daniel Webster (under John Tyler) and Lord Ashburton resolving border issues between the US and New Brunswick (Maine border). Resolved the Caroline Incident, est'd the precedent of "anticipatory self-defense," which demanded that force only be applied in self defense. Ashburton agreed and apologized.

Front 8

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

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John Clayton, US Sect. of State, wanted to dedicate Nicaragua as a "hwy." Treaty between US and UK, negotiated in response to attempts to build the Nicaragua Canal, which would mean that it would be an area of no-dominion for either countries. Solon Barland later called for repudiation of this treaty and tried to instigate US into violating it. Hay-Pauncefort Treaty took over.

Front 9

Manifest Destiny (1800s)

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Here, with respect to Mexican War. It was coined by John L. O'Sullivan, and it was used to explain that the US had the God-given right to civilize and claim all lands to the west. It was one of the causes of the Mexican American War. The US wanted land from Atlantic to Pacific.

Front 10

Texas War of Independence (1835-1836)

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Mexican province of Texas revealed against the centralistMexican government led by Santa Anna. Texas gained "independence" and began to seek annexation by the United States. Santa Anna still wanted to claim them, so he fought.

Front 11

Goliad (Oct. 9, 1835)

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Massacre of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander by a Mexican Lt. Col. - orders were from Santa Anna. One of the major battles of the Texas War of Independence.

Front 12

Alamo (2/23-3/6, 1836)

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13 day siege of Alamo Missionary by Santa Anna and his forces. Every Texan was killed, but it was a turning point in the war because the cruelty displayed by Santa Anna (as well as the valiant defense by the Texans) inspired more Texans and Americans (TN vols) to join the fight. One of the major battles.

Front 13

Battle of San Jacinto (April, 1836)

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Decisive battle of the Texas War of Independence. Texan forces led by Gen. Sam Houston engaged and defeated Santa Anna's forces. They captured SA after he surrendered the day after the battle. SA was ashamed, but it also inspired him to fight the USA and reclaim Texas.

Front 14

Stephen Austin (1820s-1840s)

Back 14

American impresario who continued the colonization of Texas (started by his father Moses Austin). He assumed leadership in 1820, worked with the Mexican Govt to encourage US immigration - 20k US settlers and only 3-4k Mexican natives, which ended up being a dynamic that contributed to the Texas War of Independence. Began desire to get annexed by US, Mexico slowly lost control of the region.

Front 15

Election of 1844 (1844)

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Dem. James K. Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay. Polk ran on Manifest Destiny platform, and Clay was anti-annexation.

Front 16

Oregon Territory (1846)

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Evidence of Polk's nationalist style of diplomacy, he proposed the Oregon Sol'n, which was finalized in the Oregon Territory of 1846. Brits wanted border at Columbia River, but he wanted the 49th Parallel. Polk's slogan of 54-40 or fight almost started a two front war, but they settled on the 49th Parallel. Presented it to Congress and it passed.

Front 17

Santa Anna (1830s-1840s)

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19th Century Mexican president and general that opposed US and Texas. Antonio Lopex de Santa Anna - he took power many times through violent revolution. He wanted to centralize power of govt, but the party name did not really matter. Had trouble with northern provinces specifically.

Front 18

John Slidell (1845, 1961)

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Slidell's mission was part of Polk's tactic to engage diplomatically with Mexico and negotiate boundary and indemnification of US Citizens. Mexico did not receive him, and this infuriated Polk. He sent Zachary Taylor into the disputed territory, and Slidell brought CA into play, which angered Mexico further. Polk used Slidell's mission as a justification of war. He was also one of the two Confederate diplomats received in the Trent Affair of 1861.

Front 19

Nicolas Trist (1848)

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During the Mex-Amer War, Polk sent him to negotiate with Mexico twice. First, he was ordered to negotiate an armistice and potentially obtain Baja CA. He also offered money for more southern territory. It was unsuccessful and he came back. He was the successful negotiator of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848.

Front 20

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

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Treaty that ended the Mex-Amer War in 1848. Negotiated by Trist. Terms:

US paid Mex $15mil, Rio Grande is the Texas border, US gains CA and part of AZ, NM, UT, CO, WY.

Submitted without comment, opposed by anti-annexation Whigs, but passes regardless.

Front 21

Hitchhiker Imperialism (1840s)

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This characterized US diplomacy in the 1840s. Idea that US hitchhiked on the back of the British to gain imperial and economic opportunities in China. Benefitted from Brit actions and tech of the Europeans, especially in military warfare in the Opium Wars. They took advantage of Brit opening markets, but also tried to set themselves apart by emphasizing their care for Chinese welfare.

Front 22

Tyler Doctrine (1842)

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Written by Daniel Webster, Sect. of State under John Tyler in 1842. It applied the Monroe Doctrine to HI, marking it as an interest of US. Emphasized that US saw HI as independent and would look with disfavor on any trespasser (Britain). Webster warns GB more strongly again in 1851, a statement that made HI a protectorate of the USA.

Front 23

Treaty of Wangxia (1844)

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Unequal treaty b/w the Chinese Qing Dynasty and the USA, where the USA received the most favored nation status and preferable trading arrangements (fixed tariffs, extraterritoriality, right to learn Chinese, right to buy land in port cities). It gave the US the same advantages that Britain had (hitchhiker). It occurred during the Tiaping Rebellion in China.

Front 24

Treaty of Tianjin (1858)

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Ended the 1st part of the 2nd Opium War. GB, France, Russia, and the USA would have right to station legations (diplomatic envoys) in Beijing, 11 more Chinese ports opened, and foreign travel allowed in China. Legacy: Differing opinions. US tried to differentiate itself by compassion. This was a prelude to the Open Door policy, US as protective. Chinese faced century of humiliation, began their nationalist narrative, and they suffered from imperialism.

Front 25

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

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Treaty b/w US & Japan, two Jap ports were opened for trade, est US consulate in Japan. Japan was strongly opposed to missionaries and foreign trade presence, but they had to open because of Matthew Perry requesting they open up. The US was involved very directly in Japan, it was not a hitchhiker scenario.

Front 26

William Walker (1855-1860)

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American filibusterer who led expeditions into Latin America (first in 1855) in order to est colonies under his personal control. Notably Nicaragua, although his first attempt was to get lower CA from Mex. His expedition was 60 men, supported by Vanderbilt. He captured Managua, named himself President, and re-instituted slavery. The Pierce Govt recognized him. He was forced out in 1857 by the Nicaraguans, also financed by Vanderbilt. He tried to do the same to Honduras in 1860, but he was executed. It was further proof of the sectional crisis.

Front 27

Filibusterer (1850s-1860s)

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19th Century term for Americans who independently sought the est of American colonies in Latin America. Design of expansion and seizure of territory thru invasion. Narcisco Lopez and Cuba, William Walker and Nicaragua. Proof that expansion was sectional - almost always southerners.

Front 28

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

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Document that described the rationale for America to purchase Cuba from the Spanish. Pres. Pierce implied that the US should take by force if Spanish refused to sell. Northerners opposed this on slavery terms - it was rejected. Buchanan tried again, but Spain wouldnt sell. Southerners wanted expansion, and if not possible, they wanted to dissolve the union.

Front 29

Solon Borland (1853-1854)

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Minister to Nicaragua from 1853-1854. Called for repudiation of Clayton-Buller Treaty of 1850 and actually tried to instigate US involvement in Nicaragua by creating an incident, then blaming the US for violating the treaty. Actions led to the bombardment of Greystown.

Front 30

Louis Kossuth (1848)

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Hungarian leader during 1848 revolution. US showed enthusiasm for 1848 democratic revolts in Europe. Louis was a libertarian in pursuit of a republic, but was ultimately crushed by Russian intervention. Kossuth memorabilia was sold throughout the US. Despite verbal support, the US didn't officially recognize his govt, not did they engage (Wash farewell). Evidence of enthusiasm for self-determination in Europe.

Front 31

Election of 1860

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Election entirely based on party sectionalism and geographic division. North was anti-slavery, South needed slavery for economy and way of life. Republican Lincoln v Southern Democrat Breckenridge (and Dem Stephen Douglas), Lincoln elected with a majority of the electoral vote but not popular vote, and the lack of support from the South provided the impetus for secession. Lincoln advocated for eliminating slavery, Breckinridge advocated slavery or secession. Election was turning point - secession/war was inevitable.

Front 32

"King Cotton" (Civil War)

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Term used to characterize Southern diplomacy during the Civil War. Confederacy believed their cotton trade with Europe would make them economically viable. The confederacy hoped to compete Britain and potentially France to join the South in fighting against the Union to protect their supply of cotton (70% of British cotton and employed 1/5 of Brits). They tried to convince Britain that it would not want to see a mass democracy succeed. Britain never intervened on behalf of the Confederacy, thanks to the effort on behalf of the Union by Charles Francis Adams and William Henry Seward.

Front 33

Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863)

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Proclamation delivered by Lincoln during the CW that all slaves who make it to the Union or in Union hands are feee. Not a law passed by Congress but an Exec Order issued by Lincoln. Freed 3million, but didn't outlaw slavery yet. Lincoln had confidence to announce because of the victory at Antietam in 9/1862. Further discouraged Britain and France from recognizing Confederacy

Front 34

Trent Affair (9/8/1861)

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Diplomatic crisis that brought the US & Britain close to war in the first year of the CW. USS San Jacinto intercepted Brit RMS Trent and removed two Confed diplomats (Jame Mason and John Slidell) that were bound for France and Britain to lobby for financial and military support. Slidell and Mason had boarded the Trent in Cuba, and Britain demanded they be released. Lincoln released them after several weeks when he thought war with Britain was possible. Slidell and Mason returned to Europe to negotiate, but were unsuccessful.

Front 35

William (Henry) Seward [1861-1868 as Sect of State]

Back 35

Seward, US Sect of State during CW. He opposed slavery, but recognized the importance of making compromise with the South. However, he believed in the preservation of the Union. He worked to keep Europe out of the CW. Argued to blockade all Souther ports, and it was very effective. Drafted Dispatch #10 to Charles Adams, protesting Palmerston's govt's welcome of Confederate commissioners. Seward is also known for his Imperial Vision after the CW. He wanted to take over North American and South America with Mexico City as the capital. He negotiated to purchase the Dutch West Indies/Virgin Islands, but did not get them until WWI. Also championed Alaska purchase. Next Sect of State Hamilton Fish modeled his FP on Seward's.

Front 36

Charles Francis Adams (1861-1868)

Back 36

Lincoln's foreign minister to Britain during CW. Son of John Adams, and he played a critical role in keeping Britain neutral.

Front 37

Charles Sumner (1869)

Back 37

Senator to MA during CW and Reconstruction. Led opposition to annexation of Dom Rep on the basis of their own sacred independence. Pres. Grant and Sect Fish involved the Monroe Doctrine to get DR in 1869. Fish and Grant failed because they only had a 50/50 vote, needed 2/3.

Front 38

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1890s)

Back 38

Part of the "Diplomatic Revolution of the 1890s" that transitioned US from a weak foreign power to a more powerful one. The navy was dismantled following CW, and Mahan est'd a naval build up called Navalism. US Naval Admiral who was famous for his strategic writings about naval power. Mahon emphasized how important it was and would be. Led to naval arms race (WWI)

Front 39

Valparaiso Incident (1891-1892)

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Diplomatic crisis that occurred b/w US and Chile after Chilean Civil War of 1891. Angry mob of Chileans attacked a group of US Sailors, killed two. US Govt demanded an apology, which was granted. Chile also paid a $75k indemnity. Chile had built up their own navy, so US had to keep them down.

Front 40

Overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani (1893)

Back 40

Queen Lili was the queen of HI before annexation by the US. 1851, Webster says they'll defend HI independence. 1873, HI becomes dependent on US market after reciprocity agreement. 1893, US puts HI under sugar tariff, group of American and Euro sugar planters intimated bloodless coup which led to overthrow. Pres. Harrison supported it, but Cleveland didn't accept a coup. When Queen Lili threatened to execute the coupers, Cleveland recognized and then annexed in 1898.

Front 41

Venezuelan Crisis (1895)

Back 41

Boundary dispute b/w Venezuela and (British) Guyana that was heightened when gold was found. Venezuela wanted US help under Monroe Doctrine. Sect of State Olney enforced it as international law. Insists US arbitration. War scare with Britain ensued. Britain retreated, showing US power in Western Hemisphere. First of many interventions.

Front 42

Richard Olney (1895)

Back 42

Sect of State during Venezuelan Crisis. Broad interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine and large vision of US Sovereignty. Closed off western hemisphere to European colonization, because he thought that the USA had a vested interest in monitoring and potentially intervening in WH.

Front 43

Jose Marti (1895)

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Key leader in Cuban revolt of 1895 against Spain. He opposed slavery - very fearful of American annexation because of Cuba as a mkt for industry. He wanted total independence - US was in favor of his revolution, and they destroyed the Cuban economy and kicked the Spanish out.

Front 44

General Valerian Weyler (1895)

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Spanish General in Cuba - named governor at start of Rev. Struggled to stop rebels, so he put people in concentration camps to deny rebels popular support. Camps were awful, led to many deaths. They killed the crops to keep rebels from having resources. Cuba's economic value was reduced, hurting Spain ironically.

Front 45

DeLome Letter (Feb 9, 1898)

Back 45

Part of the path to Spanish American War. Written by Spanish Ambassador about the US, Enrique Duput DeLome, criticizing Pres. McKinley by calling him weak (negotiations were weak attempt at peace). Cuba intercepted the letter and published it on 2/9, provoking US to enter the war.

Front 46

Maine Incident (2/15/1898)

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Also part of the Span-Amer War. Explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor. Assumed to be an external rather than internal explosion, and the US blamed Spain. McKInley issued new demands on Spain, including seeking a diplomatic solution, peace in one month, and Cuban self-govt.

Front 47

Platt Amendment (March 2, 1903)

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Amended the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. Established 7 conditions for the withdrawal of US troops from Cuba, with the last being that Cuban govt had to agree. Essentially defined the relationship as US dominance over Cuba. Cuba signed it into its Constitution, which allowed the US to intervene unilaterally in Cuban Affairs, which justified the US occupation from 1906-1909 by Taft and Roosevelt.

Front 48

Teller Amendment (April 20, 1898)

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Represented a countervailing pressure to the decision for war with Spain. Henry Teller issued an amendment to the joint resolution of US Congress in reply to McKinley's war message. It placed a condition on US presence in Cuba saying that the US wouldn't be allowed to annex Cuba - had to leave to it the Cubans and withdraw once independent reached.

Front 49

Treaty of Paris (12/10/1898)

Back 49

Treaty in which Spain relinquished all control of its empire, including Cuba. Ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines to the USA. US wanted to annex Phil, but not as a state. Showed their expansionism and imperialism, not self-determination. Opposed by William Jennings Bryan.

Front 50

Emilio Aguinaldo (1899-1901)

Back 50

Pres. of Phil. 1899-1901, and leader during the Phil-Amer War. Was also a key leader during the Phil dec. of Independence in 1898, establishing his dictatorship. He was captured in 1901 and formally swore an allegiance to the USA.

Front 51

Anti-Imperialists

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Those who opposed US action in Cuba and Phil. Despite historical narrative, it had a strong presence. Had constitutional (not legal), economic (not worth it), and diplomatic (not iso), moral (shouldn't have subjects) and racial objections. Argued that it would destroy Exceptionalism. WJB was the leader, ran on that ticket.

Front 52

Open Door Policy (1899-1900)

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China loses power to Japs, Euro sees it as a potential sphere of influence. Control shipping harbors, military, economics, etc.. First Note: Brit interest in joint action with the US, giving them exclusive imperial control in their spheres. Terms: Pledge to maintain customs service, no discrimination in spheres.

Second Note: China Relief Expedition - many Euro nations and the USA. Affirmed Chinese territorial integrity. both notes est'd a fixed concept of US as Asian power.

Front 53

John Hay (1898-1905) Sect. of State

Back 53

Sect of State under McKinley and Roosevelt, Hay thought that the US should ally with Britain over China. Declared Open Door policy as international law for US. Responsible for Hay-Pancefort and Hay-Haron Treaties (latter rejected).

Front 54

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

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Chinese rebellion against foreign influence, pro-Manchu Dynasty. Boxers conspired with secret society to rebel against Euro powers and influences, specifically Christian missionaries and followers. Chinese defeated by US/Euros.

Front 55

Second Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1900)

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British conceded to override Clayton-Buller treaty and allow the US to build a canal with a US fortification. first of many Brit concessions and appeasements in WH.

Front 56

Philippe-Jean Bunau Varilla (1903-1904)

Back 56

French engineer and soldier, critical in construction of Panama Canal - worked with Roosevelt to incite the Panamanian Rev.. It was in the interest of the US that Colombia did not control Panama, because they would charge the US a high price for the canal.

Front 57

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

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Roosevelt's response to German and Brit actions against Venezuela over debts, concerns in US over German involvement as it pertained to the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt pushed for arbitration in the Hague, and the Corollary allowed for "preventative intervention" by the US involving the "civilized" argument. Promotes US role as LA Supervisor. US super sensitivity over threats to southern border. "Big Stick Diplomacy"

Front 58

Taft-Katsura Agreement (1908)

Back 58

Roosevelt's mediation of the Russo-Jap War over Manchuria (won the Nobel Peace Prize). Taft was Sect of State - US acceptance of Jap control in Korea, Jap disavowal of interest in Phil. This was an exec agreement, not congressionally approved.

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Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

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Acceptance of status quo in the pacific islands, but also with respect to Open Door policy. Reaffirmed Chinese territorial integrity. Left Manchuria open for Japs to claim. Jays recognized US in the Phil. Roosevelt understands Jap power.

Front 60

Elihu Root (1899-1904 Sect of War), 1905-1909 (Sect of State)

Back 60

Served Roosevelt and McKinley as Sect of State and War. He was a staunch conservative and strong advocate of TR's internationalism, committed to opening the world economy. Known as the father of the modern US army (Root Reforms). Created Army War college, general staff, and state militias for reserve force. He formed diplomatic and consular jobs, too. Maintained the Open Door Policy in the Far East (Root-Takahira) Worked with Japan to limit emigration to US.

Front 61

Philander Knox (1901 Attn Gen) (1909-1913 Sect of State)

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Attorney General under McKinley/Taft, where he first developed Dollar Diplomacy, but then championed it under Taft. Secretary of State under President Taft. He helped establish Dollar Diplomacy internationally, esp. as a policy in Central America and East Asia. They originally tried it by treaty, but when Congress blocked it, they did it through "colonialism by contract," or "benevolent supervision." He had little regard for Latin American countries. He advocated for its expansion into China, because they believed it was ripe for US trade and investment. He tried to internationalize the railroads in Manchuria, but failed after Britain and France refused to join. Knox is also known for his reorganization of the State Department as Secretary of State under Taft, where he established regional bureaucracies (Far East, Near East, Latin America, Europe). The idea that the US should have varying policies and procedures depending on region.

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William Jennings Bryan (1913-1915 Sect of State)

Back 62

He served as Secretary of State for Wilson. Bryan's political career: 1. Ran for presidency in 1896 agaisnt McKinley on "Free Silver" platform for Populist party, defeated. 2. Ran for presidency against McKinely again in 1900 on anti-imperialist platform follwing Hawaii/Cuba/Philippines behavior, defeated. 3. Ran against Taft in 1908 as the Democratic candidate, defeated. 4. FINALLY Secretary of State under Wilson. He was well-traveled and very qualified to set US foreign policy. He believed Christian principles should set foreign policy. He wanted sympathy and friendship in Latin America, and he apologized for the US's role in various revolutions as he was an anti-imperialist. He saw them with a sort of paternalism. Took a genuine, pacifist position. He created the Pan-American Pact to respect independence and territory under republican governments. Bryan saw the US as a friend and exemplar to run China to Christianity and Democracy. He removed US investment and said that the only open door they wish to enter is one of friendship and mutual advantage. with respect to Japan's Twenty One Demands, he recognized legitimacy of some of the concerns, but Wilson and Britain (David Lloyd George) refuse to acknowledge them. At the outset of WWI, Bryan was strictly neutral. Bryan resigned from position following Lusitania (1915) and US escalated involvement in WWI, as well as becuase of the loans issue. He was suceeded by the more aggressive Robert Lansing

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Robert Lansing (1915-1920 Sect of State)

Back 63

Succeeded Bryan as the US Secretary of State. Appointed in 1915. Very pro-Allied powers as Wilson weighed the war in WWI. Both House and Lansing pushed Wilson to ask for a declaration of war. Wilson never liked or trusted Lansing, and made his time in Europe dealing with the treaty very difficult. Lansing was also against the establishment of an international organization like the League of Nations. He ended up testifying at Lodge's Foreign Relations Committee against the League, splitting with Wilson. Lansing recognzied contradition in Wilson rhetoric with DR when Wilson would not allow them to have self-determination (1924). Lansing also is responsible for negotiationg Lansing-Ishii Agreement of 1917.

Front 64

Dollar Diplomacy

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This was a policy adopted by President Taft and Sect. of State Philander Knox (who was brainpower behind it while attorney general under Roosevelt), and it was applied in Central America to eliminate European political and economic influence and through US advisers promote political stability, fiscal responsibility, and economic development in a strategically important area. They "substituted dollars for bullets. This "benevolent supervision" resulted in few agreements, little stability, and numerous military interventions (DR, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama). They further established it in East Asia, too, especially China and Japan. US wanted to penetrate industrial Manchuria, and joined a four-power railroad consortium (Britain, France, Germany, US), which put US at odds with Japan (which scared Roosevelt). Taft showed a more symapthetic approach to the Japanese, which was highly critiqued by Roosevelt, who understood more fully Japan's power. It resulted in US ownership of industry and revolutions.

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Lodge Corollary (1912)

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Example of Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America under Taft. Another corollary to the Monroe Doctrine proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge, and demonstrates US opposition to sale of strategic property in Latin America. It forbids any foreign power or foreign interest in establishing a position of power in the Western hemisphere that would put the government in practical control—basically this was extending the Monroe doctrine to corporate territorial gains. Another sweeping statement of American national security and imperial right in Latin America (together with Roosevelt's 1904 corollary).

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Colonel House (1913-1921)

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Col. House was an informal advisor to Wilson, and he remained his closest adviser/influence until the last years of his life. He was a wealthy Texas politico who was shrewd and skilled behind the scenes. Authored "Philip Dru: Administrator" (futuristic book in which a benevolent dictator imposed a corporate income tax, abolised protective tariff, and broke up "credit trust"). He believed that US concerns in Mexico were benign, and if Mexico understood that then they would not object. In 1916, he delivered a speech stating that the US was a part of a new world order and they would help protect and serve the world. House wanted Wilson to declare war, even before the Zimmerman Telegram. He led the Inquiry, but his relationship with Wilson broke off in 191 over the League (like Lansing).

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Francisco Madero (1910-1913)

Back 67

Mexico's economy was at the will of external forces, and the US recession led to revolution. in 1910, middle and lower classes under the leadership of Francisco Madero rose up and overthrew Diaz in May 1911. Madero was supported before the revolution, but when he turned on American businessmen, they turned on him and even Wilson thought about overthrowing him. He was exectured by Huerta, though Wilson likely knew of the plot

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Victoriano Huerta (1913-1914)

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After the revolution, Huerta overthrew the Mexican government and brutally murdered Madero. Wilson was appalled by Huerta's actions, denounced his government, and sought to remove whom he say to be a barbarian, alcoholic, and a "butcher." Wilson demanded that Huerta elect "good men" through legitimate elections, and he used military pressure to force diplomacy. Huerta opposed all American carrots and sticks, and a civil war erupted, as a result. US aligned with "Constitutionalist" side (Venustiano Carranza) and provided military aid. Eventually it led to the US invading Vera Cruz in April, 1914 to defend US honor (after some insult). Huerta was eventually overthrown by Carranza in July 1914.

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Pancho Villa (1916)

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He was a share-cropper turned rebel leader in northern Mexico, and he challenged Carranza's fragile government. In 1915, he was the most amenable Mexican leader to US influence, but he turned and struck back against Carranza and the United States after US de facto recognized Carranza's govt. Villa attacks train and executed 17 US engineers in Columbus, NM, in March 1916. General Pershing launched expedition to retaliate, but never found Pancho Villa. Villa invading the US put Carranza in quite the bind, but Carranza decided to confront Pershing's expedition becuase he did not want US troops in Mexico. Brief moment at Carrizal in 1916 looked like US could go to war with Mexico, but Wilson realllllyyyy didnt want that.

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Venustiano Carranza (1914-1917)

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He was a constitutionalist "First Chief" who opposed Victoriano Huerta. He took over for Huerta after overthrowing him, but even he would not participate in a US sponsored (aka democratic) election (despite having US aid during civil war). Wilson at first refused to recognize Carranza govt in order to maintain position of mediation, but then de facto recognized Carranza by lifting an arms embargo to help him militarily. That angered Pancho Villa. After tensions/clashing with the US over Pancho Villa, he courted Germany before WWI. US officially recognizes Carranza's govt in 1917.

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Vera Cruz (april, 1914)

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Wilson wanted Huerta out so badly that he militarily intervened at Vera Cruz to promote his broader goal of getting rid of Huerta. He claimed he was defending national honor becuse some insult was said, and received approval. More than two hundred Mexicans were killed in the two days it took to subdue the city. 19 Americans were also killed. They stayed for months and built public works and cleaned the city up, only to have it destroyed after they left. It contributed only partially to the downfall of Huerta.

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Gen. Pershing (1916-1917)

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When Pacho Villa attacked the United States, Wilson sent a "punitive expedition" of more than 5,800 men (then increased to 10,000), under the command of John J. Pershing, to invade Mexico, capture Villa, and destroy the forces. A frustrated Pershing actually advocated for occupying part or all of Mexico. Pershing never found Pancho Villa, but did clash with Carranza's forces. US eventually withdraws and recognizes Carranza's government in 1917.

Front 73

David Lloyd George (1916-1922)

Back 73

He was the British PM during WWI. Britain got involved because allies with France, who was allies with Russia. He was charming, shrewd, and hard-bitten, and he supported much of Wilson's ideas pre-war (including stance with Japan's 21 demands) and post-war, but he could not conciliate Germany in 1919 too much without risking political backlash. While US was neutral, George was sensitive to US economic and political interests and respected their isolationist position, however Britain's blockade of the central powers did effect US trade. He actually hoped to soften the Allied stance towards the end of the war, but Clemenceau was firm.

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Georges Clemenceau (1917-1920)

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He was the French PM and Minister of War during World War I. Got involved because allies with Russia, who got involved to protect Serbia after assassination of Archduke Ferdiand. He took a particularly harsh position against Germany following war, hoping that they would be forced to accept huge reparations at the Treaty of Versailles.

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Lansing-Ishii Agreement (1917)

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US Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Japanese special envoy Ishii Kikujirō pledged to uphold the Open Door Policy in China, with respect to its territorial and administrative integrity. However, the US also acknowledged that Japan had "special interests" in China due to its geographic proximity. The Treaty followed Japan's attempt at Twenty One Demands of China that would have made China a colony, but Wilson and Britain would not let that happen. In a secret protocol attached to the public Agreement, both parties agreed not to take advantage of the special opportunities presented by World War I to seek special rights or privileges in China at the expense of other nations allied in the war effort against Germany. It was later changed, because there was no way to enforce the agreement.

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Lusitania (1915)

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On May 7, 1915, a U-boat off the southern coast of Ireland sunk British luxury liner - The Lusitania, killing 1,200 civilians, including 128 U.S. citizens. This was the first time that WWI ever really came "home" to the USA. It pushed foreign policy to become the most important issue, and was one of the things that led to US involvement. Led Roosevelt to call out Wilson for being "too proud to fight."

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Zimmerman Telegram (1917 January)

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This was a telegram leaked to the United States by Great Britain in late February. It revealed that Germany had offered Mexico an alliance in return for which it might "reconquer its former territories in TX, NM, and AZ." The document fanned anti-German sentiment in America and increased Wilson's already pronounced distrust in Berlin. Wilson used executive authority to arm American merchant vessels following the telegram. One of the things that led to US involvement in the war.

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Committee on Public Information (1917-1919)

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Example of domestic impact of war. This was created by zealous journalist George Creel, and it began to drum up support for the war at home through propaganda and speeches. Wilson extended it the program abroad to counter German propaganda and educate world opinion about his peace principles. They hastily set up offices to translate US stories into local paper in big cities in Europe, Latin America, Russia, and China. It won support for the Allied cause and for peace abroad. Creel also developed the "Four Minute Men," who were men that would give four minute speeches on topics given to them by the CPI.

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National War Labor Board (1918)

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Example of domestic impact of war. federal agency, began operations on April 8, 1918 after Wilson's action. It was composed of twelve representatives from business and labor, and co-chaired by former President William Howard Taft. The decisions of the NWLB generally supported and strengthened the position of labor through labor unions and collective bargaining. Although it opposed the disruption of war production by strikes, it supported an eight-hour day for workers, equal pay for women, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively. It was used to mediate between workers and employers.

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Espionage and Sedition Laws (1917-1918)

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Examples of domestic impact of war: repression and violation of civil liberties. Espionage Act (1917): Legislation gave postal officials the authority to ban newspapers and magazines from the mails and threatened individuals convicted of obstructing the draft with $10,000 fines and 20 years in jail. Sedition Act (1918): made it a federal offense to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the Constitution, the government, the American uniform, or the flag. The government prosecuted over 2,100 people under these acts, including socialist Eugene Debs.

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

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This was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. It meant German gain of Russian territory and the shift of German troops westward, and it required increased involvement by the US. The US first tried to intervene in Russia in 1918 (Murmansk Campaign, Siberian Campaign) to re-establish a second front, overthrow Bolsheviks, and assist the White Armies, but then Wilson got out soon (like Mexico). US had a decisive influence in the changing tide and outcome of the war after Russia was pulled out. Allies saw the Treaty as a betrayal.

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The Inquiry (1919)

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Wilson ordered Colonel House to assemble a group of (US) scholars to analyze postwar problems, a significant and innovative effort to bring scholarly expertise to foreign policy issues. It employed 150 people and produced more than three thousand papers and reports on post-war Europe. The importance of "The Inquiry" grew as Wilson relied less and less on the state department and more on this personal diplomacy. The reports served as a basis for his Fourteen Points at stance at Treaty of Versailles.

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Eugene Debs (1918)

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Eugene V. Debs was a socialist candidate who won six percent of the vote in the 1912 election. It was the most radical election in US History. He was also labor union leader. He went to jail for three years under the espionage and sedition laws for opposing militarism. Last legit socialist candidate (until...#feeltheburn)

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Fourteen Points (1919)

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Wilson's blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after WW I, stated in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms by Wilson. Clemenceau and George were both skeptical of this Wilsonian Idealism, or liberal internationalism. It called for An "open world," self determination, freedom of the seas, disarmament, more liberal to Germany, and a general assocaition of nations (aka the League of Nations). Germany agreed to peace based on assumption that Wilson would get the points through, but Wilson essentially lost all of them. Thought League would be most important. Fourteen Points were based on The Inquiry's findings.

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Article Ten (1919)

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The Members of the League undertake "a collective security." They protect against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In the case of threat, the Council will advise how to fulfill this obligation. It essentially implied that states would have to come to the defense of other states, a term that Lodge could not live with (as it gave another power sovreignty over a state's actions), and Wilson could not live without. Wilson and supporters voted with a majority against the League without this article, and Lodge and his supporters voted with a majority against the League with this article, this making it so it did not pass.

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Treaty of Versailles (1919)

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It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, and it established a few things. First, a Mandate system for colonies – Britain and France in the Middle East, Japan in China. Next, Self-determination for Eastern European countries – reconstituting Poland, creating Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia; rump states of Hungary and Austria. For the Germans, a "War guilt" clause was established, their reparations were set at $33 billion, and they lost territory and population – no Anschluss with Austria, and demilitarization of Rhineland. Can be argued that harsh terms of treaty contributed to WWII

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Reparations (1919)

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These were up for debate among the allied leaders. Clemenceau (and partly Lloyd George) wanted to dismember and establish occupation in Germany, as well as making them pay for the entire war. Wilson wanted a more limited figure. Instead, they agreed to placing fixed limits on German power, temporary occupation of the Rhineland and the Sarar Basin, an Anglo-American pledge to aid France in the event of a German assault, the "war guilt" clause, and $33 billion in reparations. It was a "hard peace" according to Wilson, in one of his anti-german phases of bad health.

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Shandong Province (1919)

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This was perhaps Wilson's most damaging concession in peace negotiations. The Japanese had seized it from Germany in 1914, and the Chinese demanded to have it back - it was the birthplace of Confucius and the cradle of Chinese civilization. It became an honored symbol around the world representing Wilson's failure to honor self-determination.

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League of Nations

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The League of Nations was Wilson's crown jewel of the Fourteen Points, thinking that if he could only have one, the League would be it. Assumed the League would make up for the failures of not having the other points in place. The League essentially meant an association of the great nations in order to solve problems diplomatically and prevent another war like what had happened. European nations adopted it, but US did not as it could not get passed throug Congress. Wilson devoted time to a national campaign to raise support, threatening a war worse than WWI if the League was not adopted.

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Henry Cabot Lodge

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In the period leading up to WWI, Lodge, a Republican Senator with immense power thought that an aggressive foreign policy would offer a release from domestic failures. He was a part of Roosevelt's "imperialist cohort" who sought to take Puerto Rico and the Philippines. He led reform of consular and diplomatic services for TR. He preferred an all out war on Mexico in 1914. Author of Lodge Corollary (1912) that included property rights in Latin America. He hated Woodrow Wilson, and he was part of the Republican reservationists who did not support the League of Nations. He chaired the Foreign Relations Committee, and he stacked it with anti-League Republicans, which resulted in the treaty's defeat. Especially disagreed with Article 10.

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Jackson's Defense of Indian Removal (1830)

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Calls it a benevolent policy come to fruition. Must be fast, so "civilized" citizens can take over savages' lands. States will advance quickly, and Indians will lose contact with whites, which would hopefully allow them to become civilized and Christian - they can reclaim their wandering habits. No right to control the Indians. The offer was liberal. Humanity wept for the aborigines of the US, but they are disappearing, and it is good for the US and its cities and prosperousness. Send them where they can actually exist, at least for awhile. Better than utter annihilation.

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Polk's Declaration of War on Mexico (1846)

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Polk wanted peaceful negotiations. Mexico refused and invaded. Army revolt takes over Mexico. Want the Rio Grande as the boundary. Texas an integral part of the Union. Tried every effort of reconciliation. Must vindicate for country's honor.

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Webster Warning Euro Away from Hawaii (1851)

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US wants to see HI's independence, and expects other countries to want the same. Hawaii is closer, there is more economic integration, and the US is thus deserving to protect it. The US Navy will honor HI and protect it.

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Seward Warns the British (1861)

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Brits received three Confederate representatives unofficially, and plan to take same course of action as France. US has a right to suppress insurrection, and it is hurtful that Brits receive them, even unofficially. Confederates are not their own entity, they are belligerents.

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Olney and Venezuelan Crisis (1895)

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Olney invokes the practical application of the Monroe Doctrine. It is not a US interest within those countries, or a wish to control them, it is just so no Euro power forcibly deprives an American country the power of self-governance. It was an expansion of US sovereignty over the Western Hemisphere. British interference defies Venezuela's rights. LA can't be like scramble for Africa.

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McKinley Asks Congress for War on Spain (1898)

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Spain has been warring in neighboring Cuba for three years now. Cuba being hurt has not only hurt its people, but it has hurt US trade. US must intervene because the Cubans are being hurt, they are being put in concentration camps. US needed to end the barbarism and bloodshed, US to protect Cubans and citizens, protect trade, and it is a menace to peace and costly to US govt

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McKinley's Imperial Gospel (1899)

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Wants to address his Philippine policy. Needed to be done, because US need a place to dock in the Pacific. If Spain wins it over, they will attack US western coast. He sought counsel over what to do with them when they fell into US' laps. We had to take them so Spain, England, France didn't. They were unfit to rule themselves. We must civilize and Christianize them.

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Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

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US just wants to see its neighbors be stable, orderly and prosperous. Can exercise international police power if Monroe Doctrine violated. US interests are aligned with its southern neighbors. We interfere only as a last resort.

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First Lusitania Note, 1915

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Germany has attacked luxury liners to stop trade in GB because of WWI. This is objectionable to the USA. Subs are being used against merchantmen.

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Wilson Asks for a Declaration of War, 1917

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Ref to Lusitania. Germany is now attacking every vessel with their u-boats. Lives cannot be paid for, and German sub warfare is a war against mankind. Acts of war. Must come to avenge Russia, in a way. Ref to Zimmerman Telegram. Fight for freedom everywhere and democracy.

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Articles 10 thru 16 of League of Nations, 1919

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10: Associate Security.

11: Any declaration of war on one member is a threat to all.

12: Matter of disruption will be given waiting period.

13: All disruptions will be arbitrated by the League.

14: League gives adoption plans for justice.

15: League disputes will go to council.

16: Any league member goes to war disregarding these, then they are at war with all leaguers.