U.s. Politics Test #5 Final

Front 1

a phenomenon that entails the process by which individuals get political opinion

Back 1

political socialization

Front 2

3 basic theories that result in us gathering political beliefs/opinions

Back 2

1. social learning
2. transfer
3. cognitive development

Front 3

a way that people get public opinion that goes back to infancy

Back 3

social learning

Front 4

We tend to take our social experiences & internalize them. Your own experiences form your understanding of right/wrong, good/bad. What way of gathering political beliefs does this represent?

Back 4

Social Learning

Front 5

What way of getting political opinion focuses less on experience & more on the individual's associations? Specific relations with people that are carried over into the political world

Back 5

transfer

Front 6

What way of gathering political beliefs focuses on reason. It recognizes that political socialization is likely to occur at younger ages.

Back 6

Cognitive Development

Front 7

From what do people get their political ideology?

Back 7

Agents of Socialization

Front 8

What are some examples of Agents of Socialization?

Back 8

Family, Education, Religion, Media, Peers

Front 9

What agent of socialization are also known as the gatekeepers and affect what knowledge we have & don't have?

Back 9

Media

Front 10

not a measure of how meaningful a person's activity is, a measure of how important that individual thinks their contribution is

Back 10

political efficacy

Front 11

Political efficacy is shaped by the ____ itself?

Back 11

society

Front 12

Decisions by the government shapes the experience individuals have voting, associations, the way people weigh costs & benefits of acting/not acting politically has to do with what term?

Back 12

political efficacy

Front 13

Areas in which people utilize their political ideology

Back 13

Voting & Interest groups

Front 14

What does NGO stand for?

Back 14

Non-Governmental Organization

Front 15

an organization that is not governmental

Back 15

NGO

Front 16

Not every organization that is not part of the government is a ____.

Back 16

NGO

Front 17

Some examples of things that could be NGOs?

Back 17

business, church, school, club

Front 18

A true NGO is still trying to affect ____, even though they're not part of the government.

Back 18

policy/rules/laws

Front 19

According to Dahl, policy isn't made by one powerful group, but by whom?

Back 19

many smaller groups

Front 20

What is an essential part of a pluralistic government?

Back 20

Interest groups

Front 21

Types of interest groups

Back 21

Ideological, Topic-Specific, Political Parties, Religious, Businesses, Unions, Social Groups

Front 22

a type of interest group that is formed along ideological basis (conservative, liberal) and tries to influence people to do things in that general scope

Back 22

ideological

Front 23

a type of interest group that knows specifically what they want

Back 23

topic-specific

Front 24

a type of interest group that are not specific parts of the government; Republicans & Democrats

Back 24

Political Parties

Front 25

a type of interest group where religions interact with the government and become an NGO as well as establishing their basic identity

Back 25

religious

Front 26

a type of interest group that exists to make a profit; They try to interact with the government in a way that helps them make a profit.

Back 26

Businesses

Front 27

a type of interest group that exists to help represent the interest of workers against the interest of management

Back 27

unions

Front 28

laws that affect the rights unions have

Back 28

union membership

Front 29

a type of NGO that can ultimately result in the formation of an NGO

Back 29

Social groups

Front 30

a distinction between NGOs: the history of the group affects its longevity

Back 30

origin of NGOs

Front 31

a distinction between NGOs: affect longevity, how you're organized

Back 31

specificity

Front 32

a distinction between NGOs: some groups form around similar goals, but have different strategies

Back 32

strategies

Front 33

a distinction between NGOs: size of group, wealth in terms of quantity & quality

Back 33

Resources

Front 34

Things an NGO would want to have to accomplish goals:

Back 34

1.Money
2. Knowledge
3. Expertise - lawyers, scientists, PRs
4. Size - translates into votes
5. Recognition - right time/place

Front 35

Organization of NGOs:

Back 35

1. Mainstream, 2. Grassroots

Front 36

What type of NGO begins with a small group of powerful connected people who agree on a certain issue and think that they should have policies that go with ideology. They organize and try to affect government, then try to expand and try to build up revenue from membership. Their main goal is to build up membership base.

Back 36

Mainstream

Front 37

What type of organization of NGOs needs a base of membership and members generally send $$?

Back 37

Mainstream

Front 38

What type of NGO forms with a group of individuals that want to address change. It starts with membership & then organizes themselves as members accordingly?

Back 38

Grassroots

Front 39

What are the main differences between mainstream & grassroots NGOs?

Back 39

Direction, Size

Front 40

What type of NGO is larger and has no limit?

Back 40

Mainstream

Front 41

Grassroots NGOs tend to be ____ organizations where $ isn't as important and there could be the issue of too big of groups to accomplish task at hand?

Back 41

local

Front 42

Grassroots groups need ____ and ____.

Back 42

knowledge, expertise (usually local knowledge)

Front 43

What ways do grassroots NGOs usually work? They need someone who's willing to do something

Back 43

write letters, protest, attend city hall meetings

Front 44

The main resource of grassroots groups

Back 44

Commitment, They won't write a check and then not think about

Front 45

Resources, Strategies, and Types of Issues are all affected by ____.

Back 45

Structure

Front 46

Sometimes when grassroots don't have the resources to address an issue, they bring in ____.

Back 46

mainstream

Front 47

Greider talks about what issue?

Back 47

Justice for Janitors with the Service Employees International Union

Front 48

What was the deal with the janitors in Greider's reading?

Back 48

They were offered 20 hr week jobs for low pay, so they didn't have to pay benefits. The janitors engaged in protests. They would go to large events & protest there in a rude and crude manner.

Front 49

Strategies and Tactics are used synonymously but actually have different definitions. What is the definition of a strategy? tactic?

Back 49

a general long-term plan of action (strategy)
case-by-case plans of action (tactic)

Front 50

a general long-term plan of action

Back 50

strategy

Front 51

case-by-case plans of action

Back 51

tactic

Front 52

Basic categories of strategies available to NGOs

Back 52

1. Conventional
2. Illegal
3. Unconventional

Front 53

In which basic strategy available to NGOs, do they utilize the ways of communicating with the government that already exist?

Back 53

Conventional

Front 54

What are some of the ways the conventional NGOs use to communicate with the government?

Back 54

lobbying, petition, campaigning, litigation

Front 55

direct contact with the policymakers

Back 55

lobbying

Front 56

collection of signatures sent to a legislator

Back 56

petition

Front 57

using the laws on the book through the judicial process to achieve a certain political end

Back 57

litigation

Front 58

Conventional NGOs use ____ approaches. The benefits of conventional NGOs is that they are demonstrating a process that has been ____ before. The drawbacks are that not every type of NGO can do this, because it is _____ and _____.

Back 58

traditional, successful, pricey, biased

Front 59

In which basic strategy available to NGOs do people step out & actually break the laws in order to accomplish a political end?

Back 59

Illegal

Front 60

Ways that are used to accomplish things with illegal NGOs

Back 60

1. civil disobedience
2. bribery
3. terrorism

Front 61

individuals who break the law as a statement are grouped into what category? (Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi)

Back 61

Civil Disobedience

Front 62

The illegal strategy for NGOs is sometimes chose because the ____ seem to be the problem

Back 62

laws

Front 63

In which basic strategy available to NGOs are they most commonly associated with movement politics, politics about changing societ?y

Back 63

Unconventional

Front 64

What is an example of an unconventional NGO?

Back 64

Peta - famous for ad campaigns, rational argument, tries to target attention with the outrageous, need to change the way society thinks

Front 65

a type of NGO that are not official parts of the government and that exist completely outside of governmental control

Back 65

political parties

Front 66

The idea that a political party is trying to influence policy, acting politically is what makes it an ____.

Back 66

NGO

Front 67

Political parties use a unique strategy, which is what is the difference between them and other NGOs? What is their strategy?

Back 67

Effort to change policy by getting its members to occupy those positions affecting policy (by election or appointment)

Front 68

3 types of electoral systems

Back 68

1. plurality
2. majority
3. proportional representation (PR)

Front 69

A type of electoral system where whoever gets the most votes wins, It takes people who generally agree but have different opinions to get together under a camp

Back 69

Plurality

Front 70

What electoral system do we use in the U.S.?

Back 70

Plurality

Front 71

What is the incentive for plurality electoral systems?

Back 71

2 parties

Front 72

What electoral system requires that you get the majority of the votes?

Back 72

Majority

Front 73

What type of electoral system occurs when people get a position of power based on the proportion of the vote that party gets?

Back 73

Proportional Representation (PR)

Front 74

Structure of Parties: What does the electoral part do?
They coordinate ____ and make sure ____ aren't being cancelled out. They also have ____ among themselves. They devise systems whereby members of a party can peacefully select ____ to maximize their votes. They coordinate and make sure the end result is in their ____. They can work at ____,____, and ____ levels at the same time. They use ____ money to help their efforts on a nationwide level.

Back 74

activities, votes, elections, 1 person, benefit, federal, state, local, national

Front 75

Tangible parts of the structure of parties

Back 75

electoral & governmental

Front 76

Structure of parties: What does the governmental part do?
They coordinate activities of members that are in ____ (Ex: Congress). They make sure their work doesn't cancel out each ____ work. They coordinate ____. They coordinate between ____ and ____ Repubs/Dems. They make sure that they are in some sense working ____.

Back 76

power, other's, efforts, house, senate, together

Front 77

Strucure of Parties: What does the socialization part do?
It is more ____. They are all about informing the public about the ____ of that particular party. They form around a set of ideas, known as a ____.

Back 77

imaginary (symbolic), ideology, platform

Front 78

what identifies a party, long list of positions and ideas

Back 78

platform

Front 79

Structure of Parties:
What does the federal part do?
They help coordinate all the actions at the ____ level.

Back 79

federal

Front 80

Structure of Parties:
What does the state part do?

Back 80

They coordinate all he action across the state.

Front 81

Structure of Parties:
What does the local part do? Where do they usually act?

Back 81

counties, unless in a large enough city.

Front 82

what it means to be a member of a party changes.

Back 82

realignment

Front 83

When both parties go through a split and what it means to be a both a democrat and a republic changes, it is known as ____.

Back 83

full realignment

Front 84

Individuals who believed in an urban, industrial areal; Strong sense of government being there to make people good; Supporter of the farmer, not the industrialist, centralization of power (formed the ____)

Back 84

federalist, split

Front 85

Democratic Republicans which were also known as the ____, formed around the idea that we have become to ____ and that it was time to start devolving power into the ____ and a____.

Back 85

Jeffersonians, centralized, states, small towns,

Front 86

Split between the Whigs and Democrats was caused by the issue of ____?

Back 86

slavery; urban vs. rural; north vs. sout

Front 87

During the ____ there was not a whole lot to fight about. IT become dominant from 1800-1819 and ended with the administration of ____

Back 87

Era of Good feelings, John Quincy adams.

Front 88

Jackson was a supporter of the ____. Jacksonians eventually became known as ____.

Back 88

political machine, democrats

Front 89

Ones that couldn't abide by the democratic republicans formed a separate arty known as the ____, who were able to adopt some of the ____.

Back 89

Whigs, federalists

Front 90

Whigs advocated ____ and ____

Back 90

urbanization, industrialization

Front 91

Democratic Republicans and Whigs Key difference was the issue of ____, whether you advocated the ____ or ____.

Back 91

reform, political machine, elections

Front 92

Democrats became identified as pro ____ and ____

Back 92

slavery, state rights

Front 93

A few whigs become dems and some dems became repubs and some whigs turned int repubs, which led to the effect of the dems bein regionalized to the ____, which led to the ____ war.

Back 93

south, civil

Front 94

The Civil War made the north ____ and the south ____.

Back 94

republicans, democrats

Front 95

What event hit an environment in which both parties have advocated laissez faire economics?

Back 95

Great Depression

Front 96

What was the dominant economic theory after the civil war?

Back 96

laissez faire economics

Front 97

The reading by Black & Black wanted to explain how Dems were dominant in South and Repubs in North

Back 97

Note

Front 98

It was the movement of the ____ to introduce the idea that government should be involved in economics

Back 98

progressives

Front 99

What two presidents took the blame for the great depression?

Back 99

Harding, Truman

Front 100

The Democrats took the idea of ____ and said we're different because of this.

Back 100

progressivism

Front 101

After the democrats started using the ideas of the progressives, many people moved toward the ____ party, ____ were weakened.

Back 101

dem, repubs

Front 102

During the time when dems were in power after the G. Depression, ____ was elected to a record ____ terms.

Back 102

FDR, 4

Front 103

____ got us out of the great depression. Many people that went through the great depression will still vote for them whether they agree with them or not because of this

Back 103

democrats

Front 104

policy that took us out of Great Depression

Back 104

New Deal

Front 105

The benefits of the New Deal were most visible in the ____ because they were hit the hardest.

Back 105

South

Front 106

The johnson administration created a new split because of the ____ movement. They wanted to reinvent the New Deal by identifying groups it missed. The Democrats grabbed control of the Civil Rights Act and left a number of people in the south concerned and the split occurred because most conflict votes were in the South, because there were southerners who loved the dems for the new deal, but not for the civil rights act.

Back 106

Civil Rights

Front 107

What president made opposition to the Civil Rights Act?

Back 107

Nixon

Front 108

What president said - I know why you voted democrat but I know what really gets you - social issues.

Back 108

Reagan

Front 109

Reagan turned the democratic party into a party of ____ liberalism and ____ liberal.

Back 109

economic, socially

Front 110

The White reading dealt with ____/____ issues- sometimes referred to as theological values because debates about these values are somewhat theological.

Back 110

family value, moralistic

Front 111

Theological debates don't have a ____ ground. The basic assumptions at the root of them are incommensurable with other religions.

Back 111

middle

Front 112

Economic issues from White's reading, however, are said to be ____.

Back 112

negotiable

Front 113

Reagan emphasized social ____ issues and was able to get democrats support by "this is what defines us as americans" everything else is negotiable.

Back 113

moralistic

Front 114

What amendment does not explicitly deal with voting rights?

Back 114

10th Amendment

Front 115

Wat amendment prohibits the use of a poll tax?

Back 115

24th

Front 116

money contributed by donors and used for a general fund

Back 116

soft money

Front 117

Elections recognize the authority of a ____ to exercise certain powers.

Back 117

president

Front 118

Without democratic election, it's not a ____ transition.

Back 118

peaceful

Front 119

Voting is an official part of the government

Back 119

note

Front 120

Powers not mentioned by the Constitution are reserved for the states (What amendment?)

Back 120

10th (Federalism)

Front 121

____ is ultimately a power reserved for the states. Every election in this country is essentially a ____ election. This is why we see variance with voting and election laws from state to state.

Back 121

Voting, state

Front 122

States establish ____ requirements and ____.

Back 122

residency, registration

Front 123

how long a person must live in a place to vote, a part of registration, left up to states

Back 123

residency requirements

Front 124

making yourself eligible to vote, left up to state; felony restrictions, etc

Back 124

registration

Front 125

2 ways in which the federal government can intervene and establish base criteria

Back 125

amendments and statutes

Front 126

a voting/election standard that all states must meet because it is now in the Constitution

Back 126

Amendments

Front 127

less permanent way of the government intervening to establish base criteria for voting. It can always be changed by future Congresses.

Back 127

statute

Front 128

The 15th Amendment concerned ____. It allowed ____ to vote, which made several states begin to use a ____.

Back 128

race, African Americans, poll tax

Front 129

What amendment concerned race?

Back 129

15th

Front 130

a tax placed on the right to vote

Back 130

poll tax

Front 131

The 19th amendment concerned what?

Back 131

gender

Front 132

What amendment gave women the right to vote?

Back 132

19th

Front 133

After the 15th and 19th Amendments they said it is still up to the states to determine who is eligible to vote but they can't use ____ or ____ as criteria.

Back 133

race, gender

Front 134

What amendment prohibits the use of a poll tax?

Back 134

24th

Front 135

What amendment changed the voting age to 18 because of the draft? If they're old enough to go to war, they're old enough to vote.

Back 135

26th

Front 136

A statute that is a federal law that requires that states must make the registration process available at the equivalent of the DMV.

Back 136

Motor Voter Act

Front 137

a statue that makes sure that some states weren't still using segregation (using extra obstacles)

Back 137

Voting Rights Act

Front 138

A statute that made the maximum residency requirement 30 days before you get the right to vote in a state

Back 138

maximum residency requirement for the states

Front 139

____ can channel money to help their members campaign.

Back 139

Parties

Front 140

On taxes, do you want to contribute $3 of your tax to this fun? They establish public financing to keep overall costs down

Back 140

Presidential Election Campaign Fund

Front 141

public information how much you give to a candidate

Back 141

transparency

Front 142

the amount individuals can contribute to any campaign or election

Back 142

capping

Front 143

Ways to get around capping and transparency issues - People started giving the money to ____, who use that to campaign once capping was in place

Back 143

groups

Front 144

money contributed to a party that is used for general operating expenses, not for federal elections, which leaves more money available to spend on federal elections

Back 144

soft money loopholes

Front 145

something that got people's attention and made them want to vote

Back 145

high stimulus

Front 146

Aspects of elections that make high/low stimulus

Back 146

value of elections (presidency)
high stimulus for a party that recently lost
special issues- gay marriage in CA

Front 147

lowest stimulus election

Back 147

school board elections

Front 148

An election that is essentially unofficial. If you win, you have a constitutional claim to authority.

Back 148

Primary election

Front 149

3 types of ways that parties have their own election, that determines who's going to run for that seat from their party

Back 149

1. open primaries
2. closed primaries
3. caucus

Front 150

a primary where you don't have to demonstrate any party allegiance to vote in that primary; has to be held on the same day

Back 150

open primary

Front 151

Advantages of an open primary:
It recognizes that many Americans don't identify completely with either ____ or ____

Back 151

Dems or Repubs

Front 152

a primary where you have to be an official member of whichever party, can be held on different days

Back 152

closed primary

Front 153

Advantages of closed primaries: o Avoids one problem of open primaries, where Democrats can go vote for a Republican nut job to make that candidate be easier to beat later

Back 153

note

Front 154

a special type of closed primary where officials are selected to go pick at the convention who will represent the party in an election. Official members of the party meet in a centralized meeting place & have debates as to who they want to pick to represent their party.

Back 154

Caucus

Front 155

What does Kansas use to determine who is going to run for that seat from their party?

Back 155

caucus

Front 156

With a caucus, decions are made by ____ parties, not official ____.

Back 156

state, elections

Front 157

With the republican party, _____ takes all.

Back 157

winner

Front 158

What are some meaningful things that happens at convention? They announce the _____ running mate at the National Party Convention. IT creates _____ among a party after the fighting between them in the primary election.

Back 158

vice president, unity

Front 159

At the convention, the party will put their _____ part behind a candidate

Back 159

part.

Front 160

General elections are _____.

Back 160

official

Front 161

General elections are narrowed down to a single representative from each _____ and a few _____.

Back 161

party, independents

Front 162

In general elections, it is mainly _____ elections - most votes wins.

Back 162

plurality

Front 163

A few states require a _____ election in general elections.

Back 163

majority

Front 164

In general elections there are 50 separate elections all occurring at _____ time. This is what we use for Congressional elections. Leg Branch

Back 164

the same

Front 165

In presidential elections, what is the official process the government uses to take results from states and put them into one process.

Back 165

Electoral college

Front 166

The _____ of presidential elections is essentially the same as the Leg. Branches.

Back 166

primary

Front 167

In the primary of presidential elections, it is who the party wants to get to _____ them. They put forward an official candidate in the general election.

Back 167

represent

Front 168

Candidates for the president run for election in all 50 states and the District of Columbia in what Election? They are trying to win as many _____ as possible, not the most _____.

Back 168

general election, states, votes

Front 169

number of members states have in House + 2 is the equation for what?

Back 169

electoral votes

Front 170

Each state counts up the votes for president in that state, then they use the results to determine which _____ to send to D.C. to elect the president. It doesn't matter by _____ a person wins. The end result is we elect the president by whoever gets the _____ of electoral college votes.

Back 170

electors, how much, majority

Front 171

What is the number required of electoral votes to become president? (also breaks majority)

Back 171

270

Front 172

The electoral college is in place to control variance from _____ to _____. There are the same number of _____ regardless of turnout. IT guarantees _____ in campaigning. It adds a _____ bias to the presidential election, have their small vote amplified.

Back 172

state (x2), votes, distribution, rural

Front 173

The two states that do things slightly differently in their general elections?

Back 173

Maine and Nebraska, give votes proportionately

Front 174

Lani Guinier discusses the tyranny of the _____.

Back 174

majority

Front 175

Guinier is accused of advocating _____ based elections.

Back 175

outcome

Front 176

Guinier was nicknamed what because she was accused of advocating quotas?

Back 176

Quota Queen

Front 177

Lani Guinier says that she doesn't agree with outcome-based elections or quotas, but that we can't ignore the _____ of the election. We have to be critical about the _____ process. If we change the _____, then we might change the _____.

Back 177

outcomes, process, process, outcomes

Front 178

elections in which whoever gets the plurality of the votes wins

Back 178

plurality election

Front 179

whoever gets the most votes wins, but has to be over 50%

Back 179

majoritarian election

Front 180

Both plurality and majoritarian elections give entire _____ to a single _____.

Back 180

victories, option

Front 181

Guinier asks the question, s rendering minority votes meaningless an essential part of democracy? She says that their has to be a recognition that simply giving power to the majority is in some sense counter to the basic premises of the _____

Back 181

Democratic Theory

Front 182

a process available to senate minorities?

Back 182

filibuster

Front 183

a central & important theme in the Democratic theory

Back 183

reciprocity

Front 184

With reciprocity, the rules are _____ unless you accept then. _____ of the rules is important to the function of society. The way I treat you as a minority may reflect on how you treat me as a _____.

Back 184

accept, acceptance, minority

Front 185

Example of Proportional Representation Systems:

Back 185

House of Representatives

Front 186

The H.O.R. uses a _____ by _____ _____ vote.

Back 186

district (x2), plurality

Front 187

With the H.O.R., there are _____ areas of roughly equal _____.

Back 187

435, population

Front 188

Proportional representation has the potential to make _____ votes meaningless.

Back 188

minority

Front 189

Solution to proportional representation - get rid of _____

Back 189

district seats

Front 190

get rid of district lines, still have the same number of seats, everybody runs on the same ticket

Back 190

cumulative voting

Front 191

Cumulative voting is mostly used at the _____ level

Back 191

local

Front 192

What concept goes back to an old election in Connecticut where a state legislation was responsible for drawing the lines for the districts? He drew a district that was intended to get him elected - ended up looking like a salamander.

Back 192

gerrymandering

Front 193

draw district lines in a way that intentionally produces foreseeable results

Back 193

gerrymandering

Front 194

District lines end up weakening the _____ vote and make it less likely the _____ vote will exercise _____.

Back 194

minority, majority, reciprocity