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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Olmec
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Believed to be the earliest empire; 1200 B.C; what is now southern Mexico
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Maya
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A.D. 250-900; Built a dynamic culture in Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula
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Aztec
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Inhabited the Valley of Mexico in the 1200s
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Inca
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The most prominent empire builders in South America; Empire stretched 2,500 miles along the mountainous western coast of South America around A.D 1200
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Hohokam and Anasazi
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Native American groups who introduced crops into the arid deserts of the Southwest
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Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian
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Complex societies that developed east of the Mississippi River; Famous as "mound builders"
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Kashaya Pomo
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Native American group who flourished along the northern California coast
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Kwakiutl
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A Native American group who collected shellfish and hunted for whales, sea otters, and seals from Alaska to northern California
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Pueblo
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Native American descendents of the Hohokam and Anasazi; Built settlements near the Rio Grande, where they could irrigate their farms
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Iroquois
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Native Americans who resided in the woodlands east of the Mississippi River; Utilized the plethora of trees for woodworking
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Prince Henry
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"Henry the Navigator"; Portugese ruler who sent ships to explore the west coast of Africa
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Christopher Columbus
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Genoese sailor who planned an sailing across the ocean to find a sea route to east Asia, thus accidentally discovering the New World
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Taino
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"noble ones"; First inhabitants that Columbus first encountered; Columbus renamed their island San Salvador
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Hernando Cortes
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Spaniard who conquered much of the American mainland
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conquistadors
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"conquerors"; Exploreres lured by the prospect of lands filled with gold and silver; Conquered much of the New World
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mestizo
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Of mixed Spanish and Native American descent
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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Discovered and named La Florida on Easter Sunday
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Popé
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Pueblo Religious leader; led a fairly successful rebellion against Spanish inhabitants
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John Smith
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Adventurous, thrill-seeking young man who sailed across the Atlantic with the Virginia Comany and helped begin the colonization of America
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Powhatan
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Residents close to Jamestown who aided the colonists by providing food
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Nathaniel Bacon
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Colonist who raised an army to fight Native Americans in 1676, against the will of Governor Sir William Berkeley
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Puritans
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Church members who wanted to "purify" or reform the church of England
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John Winthrop
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First governor of the first Puritan society, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which he declared the "City Upon a Hill"
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Separatists
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Pilgrims; Puritans who did not believe that reformation was possible, so they separated from the Church completely
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Roger Williams
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Extreme pilgrim who founded the colony of Providence, which guaranteed a separation of Church and State
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Anne Hutchinson
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Taught that individuals did not need the Church to interpret the Bible; she was banished for this teaching
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Metacom
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AKA King Philip; Began the King Philip's War as a last-ditch effort to fight off invaders; defeated due to food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties
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William Penn
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Society of Friends, or Quaker, a radical sect of Protestantism; founded Pennsylvania
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Quakers
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Held services without formal ministers, dressed plainly, refused to defer persons of rank, embraced pacifism; Harassed for their radical views
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Sir Edmund Andros
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Unfair leader sent by King James to govern New England
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Benjamin Franklin
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Figure in the Enlightenment who believed in obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoning
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Jonathan Edwards
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Member of the Massachusetts clergy who sought to revive the vision of the original Puritans
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George Washington
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Valiant soldier in the Revolutionary War; 1st President
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William Pitt
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Selected by King George II to govern and lead the British army against the French; Pittsburgh
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Pontiac
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Ottowa leader who fought the British
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George Grenville
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Chosen by King George III to be prime minister; Angered colonists with his unfair taxed (Sugar Act)
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Samuel Adams
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Political activist; On of the founders of the Sons of Liberty; Opposed the Stamp Act
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Crispus Attucks
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Valiant sailor who rebelled against British soldiers at the Boston Massacre
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King George III
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Passed the Intolerable Acts as a response to the Boston Tea Party
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minutemen
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civilian soldiers
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Thomas Jefferson
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Writer of the Declaration of Independence (inspired by John Locke); Opposed Hamilton's National Bank; 3rd President
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Patriots
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Supporters of independence
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Loyalists
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Opposed independence and remained loyal to the Crown
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Fredrich von Steuben
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Prussian army captain who trained Colonial soldiers
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Marquis de Lafayette
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Young French military leader who lobbied for French reinforcements and aided General Washington
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Charles Cornwallis
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British general who aided in the capture of Charles Town in South Carolina
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Daniel Shays
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Led a rebellion of farmers due to excessive taxation
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James Madison
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Leader from Virginia who called a meeting to discuss taxes on trade; 4th president
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Roger Sherman
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Leader from Connecticut; Proposed the Great Compromise- 2-houses of Congress
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Alexander Hamilton
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Secretary of Treasury; Proposed a National Bank (opposed by Jefferson)
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Cabinet
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President's chief advisers (originally secretary of state, of treasury, of war, and attorney general)
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Democratic-Republicans
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Supporters of Jefferson's vision of strong state governments
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Edmond Genet
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Young French diplomat who recruited Americans in a war effort against Great Britain
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Thomas Pinckney
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U.S. minister to Great Britain; Produced a treaty to prevent conflict with Spain
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John Jay
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Chief justice of the Supreme Court; Treaty with Britain concerning the land west of the Appalachian Mountains.
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Lewis and Clark
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Commissioned by President Jefferson on an expedition to explore the west (St. Louis to the Pacific Coast)
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Aaron Burr
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Jefferson's running-mate; Beat when Hamilton intervened in Jefferson's favor
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John Marshall
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Served as chief justice of the Supreme Court for 30 years
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Sacajawea
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Native American woman who accompanied Lewish and Clark, serving as interpreter and guide
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William Henry Harrison
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Governor of the Indiana Territory who invited Native Americans to sign away land
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Tecumseh
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Shawnee chief who believed that Native Americans should form a confederacy to protect their lands
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Andrew Jackson
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Gained national fame with a series of victories over Native American armies (ironically won his greated victory after the war had ended)
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Eli Whitney
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Innovative inventor of the cotton gin, and developed the idea of interchangeable parts
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Henry Clay
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Speaker of the House who promoted the American System
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John Quincy Adams
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Secretary of State who established a foreign policy based on nationalism, in which the nation's interests are placed before regional concerns
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Daniel Webster
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Massachusetts senator who preached for nationalism
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John C. Calhoun
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Webster's greatest opponent in the struggle between states' rights and federal authority
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Martin Van Buren
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Succeeded Jackson as president for teh Democrats
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William Henry Harrison
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Presidential candidate for the Whigs against Van Buren's reelection; Defeated Van Buren
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John Tyler
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Harrison's vice president and successor; Included in the administration to pick up southern votes, but opposed many Whig beliefs ("His Accidency")
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Charles Grandison Finney
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Famous Christian convert who preached of his own salvation
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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New England writer who practiced transcendentalism- a literary style that emphasized simple life and celebrated truth found in nature
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Henry David Thoreau
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Author who wrote about civil disobedience and self-reliance
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Dorothea Dix
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Joined the movement for social reform and improved conditions for mentally ill people
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Radical white abolitionist who started teh abolitionist paper The Liberator
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David Walker
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A free black who advised blacks to fight for freedom
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Frederick Douglass
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Born into slavery, but escaped after learning to read and write; Sponsored by Garrison as a speaker for abolition
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Nat Turner
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Preacher who led a slave uprising; After being captured, tried, and hanged, whites resolved to keep more control over slaves
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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One of the main women of reform; Held the Seneca Falls Convention
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Lucretia Mott
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Assissted Stanton in her reforms for women
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Sarah and Angelina Grimke
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Sisters who fought for the abolition of slavery
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Sojourner Truth
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Isabella Baumfree- sojourned (traveled) the country preaching abolition
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Samuel F. B. Morse
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Inventor of the telegraph (Morse code) which transmitted messages through copper wire
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John Deere
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Blacksmith who invented teh first steel plow
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Cyrus McCormick
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Inventor the the mechanical reaper (made farming easier)
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Joseph Smith
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Established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)
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Brigham Young
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Smith's successor; Took Mormons beyond the American border to the west
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James K. Polk
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American president who gained land from Mexico
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Zachary Taylor
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General sent by Polk to blockade the Rio Grande
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Stephen Kearney
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Colonel sent by Polk to claim New Mexico
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