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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who won the election of 1840 and which political party did he represent
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William Henry Harrison
Whig Party |
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what happened to William Henry Harrison on his 32nd day in office
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he died
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Harrison's death created a constitutional crisis regarding
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Presidential succession
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who took over complete Presidential authority upon Harrison's death
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John Tyler
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why did John Tyler get expelled from Whig party
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he abandoned Whig agenda
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this treaty of 1842 resolved a serious border dispute and American interests in Pacific increased
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Webster-Ashburton Treaty with Britain
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why did American interest in Great Britain increase
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Monroe Doctrine was extended to include Hawaii
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what was known as Tyler's most important decision as President
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approving the annexation of Texas on March 1, 1845
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who is often considered the last strong President before the Civil War
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Democrat James Polk
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who was known as teh "dark horse" candidate
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James Polk
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what was critical issue in election of 1844
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westward expansion
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how did Whig Party Henry Clay and Democrat James Polk differ
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Henry Clay opposed annexation of TX;
ames Polk enthusiastically supported it |
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what did Polk demand of England
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possession of the entire Oregon Territory
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what Polk's popular campaign slogan
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54, 40 or fight
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what did Polk compromise with England after the election
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divide Oregon Territory at 49th parallel
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Polk was committed to Manifest Destiny desiring to
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extend US into Mexican California
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how did most Americans view Mexicans
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racially inferior and limited and desired to absorb fewer Mexican Catholics into US instead of acquiring all of Mexico
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how did Polk respond to Mexico's refusal to sell Northern territories
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moved American troops into disputed territory on Mexico-Texas border to provoke a conflict
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why did Polk attain a congressional declaration of War with Mexico in April 1846
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Mexican troops ambushed American patrol and left 11 soldiers dead
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who led the American forces in teh war
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General Winfield Scott
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what did General Winfield Scott's troops accomplish
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secured the disputed TX border
seized Mexican Northern territories |
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who did General Scott seek to negotiate a quick end of war with Mexico
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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what did many Catholic immigrants, mostly Irish do
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deserted American Army and formed the San Patricio Brigade to fight for Mexico
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how many American soldiers deserted the army during the Mexican-Army war
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more than 9,000
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who was teh only punished by death
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San Patricios
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who won Mexican-AMerican war
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America
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what was accomplished in treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
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acquired Northern Territories of Mexico with payment of $15
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what did Gadsen Purchase in 1853 accomplish
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gave territory in New mexico and Arizona to US for another $10 million for an easier
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why was New Mexico and Arizona wanted by US
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to establish an easier route for Transcontinental Railroad
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who emerged as the most powerful economic and military force in Americas
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US
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what happened to the political divide between North and South due to extension of land into Mexico
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intensified due to ? of extension of slavery into tehse areas
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what was the Wilmot Provosio proposal
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to ban slavery in any territory gained in Mexican War
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did Polk agree with Wilmot Provosio Proposal
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no - he rejected it
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what did the 1848 Gold Rush create
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an immediate requirement to confront the issue of slavery as California sought entry as a free state
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what did the territory ceded or lost by Mexico represent to Mexico
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tremendous economic loss and source of national humiliation
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who won the election of 1848
who did he defeat |
Whig candidate Zachary Taylor
defeated Democrat Wm Butler |
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how long was Zachary Taylor President before he died
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16 mos
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who assumed Presidency after Taylor's death
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Millard Fillmore
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what did teh Compromise of 1850 seek to do
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resolve conflict over slavery resulting from Mexican Cession
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the Compromise of 1850 admitted California as free or slave state
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free state
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how were New Mexico and Utah admitted - free or slave state
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no prohibition of slavery
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was slavery banned in Washington DC
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the slave trade was, BUT NOT slavery
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what did the Fugitive Slave law require
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federal officials to actively assist in returning escaped slaves
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how did people respond to the Compromise of 1850
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angered virtually everyone
led Whig party to refuse to re-nominate Fillmore in 1852 |
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did WHig party support Fillmore in 1852?
who did they support |
no to Fillmore
they supported abolitionist John Brown |
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who was the "doughface"
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a Northerner supportive of slavery named
Franklin Pierce |
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who won election of 1852
and who did he defeat |
Franklin Pierce won
defeating General Winfield Scott |
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Pierce supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 which allowed
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people of each territory to vote for or against slavery under the concept of popular sovereignty
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what did Lincoln seek in 1854
was he successful |
a seat in the Senate
was not successful |
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what party did Lincoln represent
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Whig Party
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what did Lincoln oppose
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northern spread of slavery
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what happened to Abolitionist Charles Sumner
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was savagely beaten by Representative Preston Brookefor his speech on the floor of teh Congress
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what was teh title of Sumner's speech
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Crime Against Kansas
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pro-slavery states were called
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Border Ruffrans
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part of bleeding Kansas was known as
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Jayhawkers
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a prominent abolitionist was
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John Brown
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who represented the Democrats in 1856
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James Buchanan
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who represented the Republicans
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abolitionist John C. Pre ... can't read writing
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what was known as the "know nothing" party and who represented it
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anti-Catholic National Union
former President Millard Fillmore represented it |
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why did the National Union Party split
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over issue of slavery with abolotionists joining Republican party
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when National Union Party Split abolitionists from this group joined the
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Republican party
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when National Union Party split what did teh Southerners of this group form
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Constitutional Union Party
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who sanctioned the corrupt,proslavery Kansas, LeCompton Constitution
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Buchanan
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Buchanan hoped who would resolve the issue of slavery
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Supreme Court
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what did Dred Scott argue
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he should be granted his freedom after moving with his master to the free state of Illinois and free territory of Wisconsin
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what did the Dred Scott vs Stanford decision do
what did they rule about blacks whether they were slave or not |
solidified sectional divisions leading to Civil War
no black was an American ctizen and may justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for master's benefit |
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what did Chief Justice Roger Taney say about blacks
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they were so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect
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what did the court say about the Missouri Compromise
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unconstitutional as Congress violated the property rights of slave owners in banning slavery in territories
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who were the candidates of 1858 for senate race of Illinois
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Semocrat Stephen Douglas
Republican Abraham Lincoln |
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what was the central campaign issue of senate race in Illinois in 1858
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slavery
popular sovereignty |
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why did Lincoln oppose slavery
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due to harm done to American democratic values and progress
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what was Lincoln's view for blacks
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expansion of slavery must be rejected
but no possibility for social or political equality virtually all opponents of slavery thought this was |
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who won the senate seat in Illinois in 1858
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Lincoln
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why did John Brown leave KS in 1856
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continue what he considered his divine mission to eradicate slavery
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what did Brown do in October 1859
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led a raid on federal armory at Harpers Ferry in Virginia that he hoped would ignite a massive slave uprising in South
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who led teh federal troops
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Colonel Robert E Lee
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Lee's federal troops captured Brown and Brown was tried for
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treasona gainst Virginia
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what was Brown's punishment
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execution
he was now viewed as a martyr |
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Lincoln labeled Brown as
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insane
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who ran in the 1860 Presidential election
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Abraham Lincoln
Stephen Douglas John Breckenridge John Bell |
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who shared Lincoln's view that blamed intransience for the tensions of slavery
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northerners
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who did Douglas benefit from
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rising Catholic immigrant vote
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what undercut Douglas's political support
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bigoted attacks against his Catholic wife
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who won election of 1860
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Lincoln
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how did Lincoln win percent of popular vote was
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with only 39% of popular vote but strong hold of electoral college
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southerner's viewed Lincoln's victory as
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end of slavery
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what did General Winfred Scott suggest Lincoln do because of the southern reaction to his election
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assume powers of commander in chief even before the inauguration
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what did Buchanan say about secession
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it was unconstitutional yet claimed teh federal govt lacked power to forcibly preserve union
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what did Buchanan and his cabinet do to support south
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passed information and military suppliesto soutehrners planning secession
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who was secretary of war
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John Floyd of Virginia
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what did the final attempts to persuade south against secession include
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proposals to amend Constitution in the Crittenden Amendments to reestablish the Missouri Compromise and Corwin Amendment to prevent any congressional restriction of slavery
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which amendment attempted to reestablish the Missouri Compromise
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Crittenden Amendment
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which amendment attempted to prevent any congressional restriction of slavery
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Corwin Amendment
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what did the intense fear of an abolitionist assault by Lincoln lead to even before he took office
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secession of 7 southern states before Lincoln assumed Presidency
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who was elected as President of Confederate states
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Jefferson Davis
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what did the confederates do on April 12, 1861
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fired on the federal installation of Fort Sumter
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what was a part of Lincoln's Anaconda Plan
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blockade of southern ports
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what is often ascribed as official beginning of Civil War
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Anaconda PLan
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what was the overwhelming fear pushing teh formation of the Confederacy was
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fear Northern politicians intended to abolish slavery although supporters of secessionoften used the language of state's rights as a cover
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what did the Confederacy strongly resemble
(what it resembled was was established during the Revolutionary War) |
Articles of Confederation government
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what did the Confederacy emphasize
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State's Rights
preservation of slavery |
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both sides believed their actions were sanctified by
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God
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Union believed they were a convenant with
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God that must remain unbroken
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Northern Radical abolitionists believed the war was a divine punishment for
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sins of slavery
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those on both sides believed this was a war of
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good vs evil
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Lincoln's decisions during teh course of the war and shifting positions on emancipation reflected his changing understanding of
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God's purposes and the role of divine Providence in human affairs
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the Soutehrn strategic objectives were limited to
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defending teh Confederacy
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Northern victory required
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conquest of the south
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the south expected Northerners would reject a
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long fight for slaves
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Northern Democrats were known as
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Copperheads
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Peace Democrats pushed for
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a negotiated peace
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what did teh South expect Europe would do
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be alliances and offset Nortehrn advantages in population, industry, and technology
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West Point produced officers who served both the north and south, but most officers sided with
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Confederacy
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most military colleges were located in
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South
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who has been called teh single, most brilliant commander of teh war
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Robert E Lee
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who did Robert E Lee stay with
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Virginia - so he was with Confederacy
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why was teh north better prepared for a long war in terms of demographics
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population large enough to put an army of 3 million men to the field
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why did American Naval forces predominantly remained with the north
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allow an effective blockade
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what fueled the Northern war economy
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industrialization
location of vast majority of factories, railways, and telegraph lines |
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how did teh south do economically
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suffered
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what did the existing, stabel government with strong national leadership provide for the north
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an advantage
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the Union had a force of fewer than
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17,000 soldiers
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what was the first battle of the war and when was it fought
and who commanded it |
Battle of Bull Run
July 1861 northern commander General Irvin McDowell |
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describe Battle of Bull Run
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largest and bloodiest to that point in American history
disabled both sides to a quick victory |
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what did Lincoln's difficulties include
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Cabinet of officials termed as his "team of rivals"
indecisive commander of the army of the Potomos in General George McClellan with aspirations of political power |
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compelled to maintain security, what constitutional values did Lincoln suspend
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liberties such as the Writ of Habeus Corpus
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what does Habeus Corpus protect against
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unjust arrest with and without congressional approval
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how was martial law declared in several parts of the country
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more than 15,000 civilians were arrested as Rebel sympathizers
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why did Lincoln approve teh confiscation of slaves
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to deny the south a valuable economic asset
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what did the north do with the slaves when they originally confiscated them
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held them as contraband instead of freeing them
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how did Lincoln and military commanders get along during teh opening years of Civil war
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fought constantly
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how did Jefferson Davis and Robert E Lee get along
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they agreed on a basic strategic vision to outlast the north
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what was Lee's first major gamble in teh war
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Battle of Antiem
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what happened in Battle of Antiem in Maryland
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terrible casualties for south
Confederate lost |
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when was Battle of Antiem
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September 1862
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how many casualties occurred in Battle of Antiem
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combined casualties 23,000
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what order from Lincoln did McClellan ignore
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ignored his plea to crush the retreating Confederate army
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after McClellan did not follow Lincoln's orders who else did he look to as a commander
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Ambrose Brunswick
Joseph Hooker |
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what challenged Lincoln's commitment to embrace abolitionism
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the death of his son Willie
expensive cost of war |
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how did Lincoln use the victory at Antietam - what did he issue as an ultimatum to south
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surrender all slaves in territories in rebellion against Union
or he would emancipate all slaves on January 1, 1863 |
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how do historians explain the incomplete nature of teh Emancipation Proclamation
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limitations on Presidential Powers and strong Northern sentiment opposing ending slavery as a war objective
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African Americans accounted for what percent of Union forces
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10%
some 180,000 troops by end of war |
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how was discrimination present in Union
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blacks served in segregated areas
vast majority served in menial roles that included brutal assignments to burial details |
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how did the Confereacy respond to the role of blacks in the Union
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proclaimed any black soldiers and tehir white officers would fall under the condition of "servile insurrector" punishable by a return to slavery or execution
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what was the strategic turning point of the Civil War
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Battle Of Gettysburg from July 1 - 3rd, 1863
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who won Battle of Gettysburg
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Union - major victory
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describe casualties of Battle of Gettysburg
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85,000 Union soldiers were kileld or wounded
28,00 of teh 75,000 Confederates were killed or wounded |
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what set the path for Union victory in Battle of Gettysburg
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capture of Vicksburg
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at the dedication of the soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg in November 1863 Lincoln reframed the Civil war in terms of
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religious redemption to cause of liberty and frredom
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Lincoln was forced to instutute the 1st compulsory military service in the draft of
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1863
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who was exempted from the draft
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those who hired or paid $300 for a substitute
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the rule regarding who was exempted from compulsory service caused
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lead to riots in many Northern cities from those opposed to fighting a war as seen in the interest of teh rich and for the blacks
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many of teh rioteers included Irish-Catholic immigrants which created an
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anti-Catholicbigotry and imagery
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who did Lincoln appoint as general in chief in 1864
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Ulysses S Grant
finally an aggressive commander |
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Grant's bloodletting increased
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Northern opposition to Lincoln
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what transformed the Presidential race of 1864 and allowed Lincoln to beat McClellan
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General Wm Tecumseh Sherman's capture of Atlanta in Spetember
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what did Sherman do in November 1864
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began his march to the Sea by ordering the destruction of Atlanta then proceeded to devatsate 300 miles of Georgia territory until his capture of Savannah without a fight
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Lincoln viewed his re-election as a mandate for
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emancipation
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what did Lincoln utilize to gain House approval of Emancipation
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all perogatives of Presidential power from providing federal appointments to approving favorable legislation
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how did Lincoln respond to rumors of a peace delegation
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"So far as I know, there are no peace commissaries in teh city, or likely to be in it
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what was ratified and became law in December 1865
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15th Amendment
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