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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Advantages of European explorers over Native Americans
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• Common language
• Immunities to disease • Manufactured goods • Including better weapons |
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Why did the explorers come to North America?
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• They hoped to find quick water route, a “Northwest Passage,” through North America to the riches of Asia and the Indies.
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
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• The transfer of living and nonliving things between old and new world.
• European explorers and colonizers brought diseases to the New World for which Native Americans had no immunity. |
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What was the first permanent English colony?
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• Jamestown
• Named after Queen Elizabeth I, • Located in present day Virginia. |
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What was the Mayflower Compact?
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• A written agreement signed by separatist Pilgrims on 11/11/1620
• Established a temporary government to quell talk of mutiny • Established a precedent of “general will” until a more permanent form of self-government could be created. |
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What was unique about the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
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• Established in 1630 by Puritans who wanted to escape religious persecution in England and create a model society in the New World, a “city upon a hill,” based on Christian principles,
• Interestingly, only white make church member were allowed to vote. |
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Why was Rhode Island founded?
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• A colony founded by Roger Williams.
• He was banished from Massachusetts, based on principle of separation between government and the church. |
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What was Triangle Trade?
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• Europeans established a trade network.
• Manufactured goods, like weapons, in Africa for slaves. • Shipped the slaves to the New World where they were exchange for raw materials, like molasses and sugar. • Taken back to Europe. |
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What was the Enlightenment?
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• An intellectual movement that began in Europe that introduced the idea of natural right and the importance of basing knowledge on reason and science.
• Not religion or superstition |
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Why were Africans brought to the New World?
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• The Spanish and the Dutch brought Africans in the 1500s to replace Native Americans in labor intensives activities.
• Such as mining and plantation agriculture. |
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Who was William Penn?
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• A Quaker
• Established the colony of Pennsylvania in the late 1660s • “Holy Experiment” • In religious tolerant and freedom |
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Why did Southern colonies rely heavily on slavery?
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• The South had fertile soil and a rerate climate
• Led to the development of an agricultural economy based on labor-intensive production of cash crops such as rice, indigo, and tobacco. |
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What was mercantilism?
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• An economic system based on the belief that self-sufficiency.
• Depended on a country’s acquisition of gold and silver. • The establishment of colonies to supply raw materials and a ready consumer market for manufactured exports. |
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Which four colonies made up the Middle Colonies?
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• Delaware
• New York • Pennsylvania • New Jersey |
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What was the Great Awakening?
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• A religious in the 1700s.
• Promoted the idea the humans had the right to challenge authority. • Brightens • “Happier church service.” |
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What was Salutary Neglect?
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• Refers to the lax controls England exhibited toward the colonies in exchange for economic cooperation.
• Fueled a sense of independence in the colonies, • Led to conflict when the policy of salutary neglect was abandoned by the British • In years leading up to the Revolutionary War. |
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Why did the British arm the Indians in the Ohio River valley?
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• To stop French expansion into the Ohio Valley in the 1750s.
• Near modern-day Pittsburg. |
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What was the Albany Plan of Union?
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• Benjamin Franklin’s failed attempt to unite the colonies for the first time.
• He was thriving to untie the colonies against the expansion threat posed by the French and their Indian allies in the Ohio Valley. |
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What was one outcome of the French and Indian War?
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• The British began taxing colonists to help pay for the French and Indian war.
• Felt justified because the colonists benefitted from their actions. |
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What was the Proclamation of 1763?
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• English legislation that forbade the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• An effort to reward Native Americans who had fought with the French and Indian War. • Protecting from further encroachment by white settlers. |
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What was the Declaration of Independence?
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• A document, primarily penned by Thomas Jefferson, listing colonial grievances against King George III.
• Making claim of colonial independence, and justifying the reasons for the claim. |
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What was Common Sense?
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• A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine,
• Influenced many colonists to support the cause of independence |
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Who was John Adams?
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• A Bostonian who became a member of the Second Continental Congress.
• After successfully defending the British Soldiers accused of Boston Massacre. • Later becomes second President of US. |
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What were the Quartering Acts?
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• Acts that’s required the colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers stationed in the colonies to suppress dissent.
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Who was John Hancock?
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• A wealthy Boston merchant who was the first president of the Continental Congress.
• Remember for being the first signer of the Declaration. |
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What was the Stamp Act?
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• 1765, the British required that colonists purchase a stamp to place on many paper products
• Amount to a tax that led to widespread opposition, including boycotts, and the creation of the Sons of Liberty. |
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What was British chief advantage during Revolution?
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• A superior navy.
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Who commanded the war effort?
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• George Washington, a Virginian, was appointed as commander of continental army.
• Partly to ensure Southern Colonies would join war effort. |
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What happened at Valley Forge?
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• GW’s troops heroically endured a harsh winter in Pennsylvania in 1777-1778.
• Improvement |
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Why was Saratoga important?
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• Colonial troops defeated British troops at the Battle in New York.
• Leading to significant turning points in was an alliance between French and Americans. |
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What were advantages of guerilla warfare for the Americans?
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• American commanders such as Gorge Rogers Clark, Nathaniel Greene, and Francis Marion were able to improve morale and lower causalities rates
• Employing nontraditional or guerrilla tactics against superior British forces to take advantages of their knowledge of land and their smaller, more mobile troops. |
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Why do many regard the Americans Revolution as important?
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• It marked the successful emergence of a new concept of government.
• Representative democracy that empower greater numbers of people. |
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What was major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
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• It lacked the power to levy taxes; the central government was very weak.
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Under What Conditions does the conflict between the British and the colonies show that a Revolution likely to occur?
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• When those in power repudiate change that can empower the majority.
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Where does government derive its authority?
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• According to the “Declaration of Independence” they get it from the people.
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What were the chief tenants of the New Jersey Plan?
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• “Loose” confederation of states.
• Unicameral legislature where state representation was equal. • Powerful state governments with the federal government having very little authority. • Committee leading the executive branch instead of a single president. |
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What is one provision of Virginia Plan adopted by Constitution?
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• Government is divided into 3 branches, the executive, legislative, and the judicial.
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What were some main Federalist beliefs?
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• Federalists believed that the central government should be STRONG.
• Believed that Constitution should be interpreted LOOSLEY. • Federal government had right to any power not explicitly denied by the Constitution. |
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What led to the Conflict with Federalist and Anti-Federalist?
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• Primarily debate over the proposed STREGTH OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENNT.
• During debate over whether to ratify the Constitution or not. |
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What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention?
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• Delegates met in 1787 to REVISE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.
• Ended up writing a new constitution. |
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The Great Compromise
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• During Constitutional Convection.
• Agreed that membership in the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIIVES. • Based on POPULATION. • Membership in the SENATE. • Based on EQUALITY. • Compromise between Virginia and New Jersey Plans. |
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Republic
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• Type of government in which citizens govern themselves through ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES.
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Federalism
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• The SHARING OF POWER between STATE governments and the NATIONAL government.
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Purpose of “Federalist Papers”.
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• Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison wrote this essay to EXPLAIN and DEFEND THE CONSTITUTION.
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James Madison
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• Our 4th President
• Considered to be the “Father of the Constitution”. |
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The Three-Fifths Compromise.
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• Another compromise designed to garner Southern support for the Constitution.
• Counted SLAVES as three-fifths of a person when apportioning membership in House of Representatives and tax liability. |
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Whiskey Rebellion
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• To protest a levy placed on manufacture of whiskey.
• Small-scale western Pennsylvania frontier farmers who distilled their own corn beat up federal marshals, threatened to secede, and REFUSE TO PAY tax. • WAHINGTON DISPATCHED FEDERAL TROOPS who dispersed the rebels without causing casualties. • DEMONSTRATING THE AUTHORITY AND SUPREMACY of federal government. |
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George Washington's Farewell Address
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• In 1769, George Washington’s Farewell Address stated that future Presidents should maintain neutrality.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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• During presidency of John Adams there was a fear that the French were trying to interfere with the US.
• RESIDENCY REQUIREMENT FOR CITIZENSHIP WAS RAISED from five to fourteen years. • “FALSE, SCANDALOUS, AND MALICIOUS STATEMENTS” AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT. • Many Democrat Republicans were jailed and claimed that the acts were a violation of the freedom of speech. |
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Results of 1812
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• Between US and Great Britain
• GB is seizing American soldiers and PRESSING them into British navy. • British are giving weapons to Native Americans. • Treaty is signed ending the war. • The War of 1812 did lead to a SURGE OF PATRIOITISM in the US. |
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Westward Movement of Settlers
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• Settlers continues to push west in search of economic gains.
• Coming into increasing contact with Native Americans. • Conflict resulted because the cheap, fertile and plentiful LAND desired by Whites belonged to Native Americans. |
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Indian Removal ACT
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• Congress passed it during the time of President Andrew Jackson in 1830.
• Authorization was given to FORCIBLY REMOVE Native Americans further west FROM THEIR TRIBAL LAND. • Jackson reasoned that removal was necessary to allow states to govern within their own boundaries. |
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Spoils System
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• The name given to President Andrew Jackson’s practice of GIVING FEDERAL JOBS TO FRIENDS and loyal supporters.
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Trail of Tears
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• President Martin Van Buren used military to FORCE 20,000 Cherokees from their home land to the south east.
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Monroe Doctrine
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• Spain and Portugal trying to reclaim colonies.
• Russian outposts in Alaska and Cali threatened trade with China. • James Monroe outlines the Doctrine 1823. • Hoping to increase the influence of US. • US would not interfere with European matters. • Warned the nations of Europe to avoid future interference. |
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Manifest Destiny
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• 1845.
• Coined by editor. • Democratic Review. • To describe belief God had destined Americans. • EXPAND BORDERS OF US FROM THE ATLANTIC TO PACIFIC. • From Northern to southward into Mexican borders. • “Promise Land”. |
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Before Industrial Revolution
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• Manufactured goods produced at home.
• Small shops. |
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Transcontinental Railroad
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• Constructed primarily.
• By IRISH AND CHINESE immigrants. |
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Oregon Trail
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• Conduit TRAVELLED by most missionaries and farmers, as they MOVED to the far west.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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• Mexico received 15 million
• US gained Cali • Mexico Cession • Established the Rio Grande as border • The Gadsden Purchase |
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Seneca Falls Convention
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• 1845
• IMPORTANT EVENT in the beginning of women’s rights movement |
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The Homestead Act
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• 1862
• 160 free acres • Work the land for five years |
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
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• Maintain the balance of power
• Free states/slave states |
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Harriett Tubman
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• Led slaves to freedom
• Underground railroad |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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• Undid the Missouri compromise
• Residents of said states • Decided the issue of slavery • Popular sovereignty vote |
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John Brown
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• Attack on US arsenal
• Harper’s Ferry, Virginia • To cause a slave insurrection • Hanged • Martyr to many |
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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• Written by Beecher Stowe
• Raised sympathy for slaves • INCREASED SOUTHERN HOSTILITY • Provided a deception of slave life • Led to other pro and anti-slavery literature |
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Abraham Lincoln
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• Elected in 1860
• LED TO SECESSION OF THE SOUTH |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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• Free slaves in states in rebellion
• MARYLAND and DELAWARE were slave states • But remained loyal to Union |
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William T. Sherman
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• Practiced “Total War”
• “March to the Sea” |
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Vicksburg
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• Union victory
• Gained control of MISSISSIPPI RIVER • Cut Confederacy in two |
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Antietam/Sharpsburg
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• Bloodiest day of battle in American history
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Ulysses Grant
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• Popular because of Victory at Vicksburg
• Given command of the Union Army • HELPS GET LINCOLN REELECTED |
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Reconstruction
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• 1865-1877
• UNION MILITARY OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTH • 4.1 million Freed African Americans…? • Bring Southern states back into Union…? |
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Relocation to the South
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• Northerners move to South after the Civil War
• Carpetbaggers • Economic and social OPPORTUNITIES |
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Freedman's Bureau
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• Organization that helped to build schools
• Reunite families • Food and clothing • For slaves and poor whites |
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14th Amendment
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• Citizenship to former slaves
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15th Amendment
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• Voting rights for only African males
• POLITICAL DIVISION BETWEEN SUFFRAGISTS AND ABOLITIONISTS |
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President Johnson
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• Impeached
• Violating the Tenure of Office Act • Opposing radical • During Congressional Reconstruction |
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Black Codes
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• Laws
• Passed by Southern states • LIMIT THE RIGHTS/FREEDOMS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS |
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"A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand"
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• By Lincoln
• Union couldn’t continue • With both free states and slave states |
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Lincoln on Slavery
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• Condemned slavery
• Did not support equality • African Americans’ HAVE NATURAL RIGHTS TOO |
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Wilmot Priviso
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• Ban slavery in land won from Mexico.
• INCREASED TENSIONS BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH |
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Johnson Plan
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• Had to ratify 13th Amendment
• State Constitution had to ban slavery • Pardons for swearing oath of allegiance • Wealthy prominent Confederates • Had to personally write to Johnson for a pardon • State laws preeminent • Allows states to easily forbid rights freedom |
