U.s History Review Packet Words(Pg.1-Pg.8)

Front 1

Plantations

Back 1

An estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor

Front 2

Mercantilism

Back 2

Belief in the benefits of profitable trading where the mother country colonizes smaller countries uses them for resources and expanding power.

Front 3

Salutary neglect

Back 3

Policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England

Front 4

Mayflower compact

Back 4

First governing document of Plymouth Colony

Front 5

House of burgesses

Back 5

First democratically elected legislative body in British North America

Front 6

French and Indian War

Back 6

Conflict between Britain and France over New World territory that involved support from their mother countries as well as American Indian allies and lasted from 1754-1763.

Front 7

Stamp Act

Back 7

an act of the British Parliament in 1765 that exacted revenue from the American colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents.

(A tax on the legal recognition of documents)

Front 8

Sugar Act

Back 8

(An act regulating the imports of sugar.) British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies and at providing increased revenues to fund enlarged British Empire responsibilities following the French and Indian war.

Front 9

Tea Act

Back 9

In an effort to save the troubled enterprise, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773. The act granted the company the right to ship its tea directly to the colonies without first landing it in England, and to commission agents who would have the sole right to sell tea in the colonies.

Front 10

No taxation without representation

Back 10

a phrase, generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution; in full, “Taxation without representation is tyranny.”

Front 11

Declaration of Independence

Back 11

The formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain.

Front 12

Natural rights

Back 12

That every human is born with and cannot be taken away from them consisting of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Front 13

Unalienable

Back 13

Cannot be taken away or denied

Front 14

Social contract

Back 14

an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

Front 15

Alter or abolish

Back 15

That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Front 16

The consent of the governed

Back 16

In political philosophy, the phrase consent of the governed refers to the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and lawful when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised.

Front 17

Articles of Confederation

Back 17

The original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789. The Articles of Confederation served as the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain.

Front 18

Shay's Rebellion

Back 18

an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts in opposition to a debt crisis among the citizenry and the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes both on individuals and their trades; the fight took place mostly in and around Springfield during 1786 and 1787.

Front 19

Northwest Ordinance

Back 19

passed by the U.S. government under the Articles of Confederation to create the Northwest Territory out of land gained by Great Britain. It was important because it established the precedent by which new states could become part of the union.

Front 20

Constitutional Convention

Back 20

took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The point of the event was decide how America was going to be governed. Although the Convention had been officially called to revise the existing Articles of Confederation, many delegates had much bigger plans.

Front 21

Constitution

Back 21

The U.S. Constitution is the fundamental framework of America's system of government. The Constitution: ... Separates the powers of government into three branches: the legislative branch, which makes the laws; the executive branch, which executes the laws; and the judicial branch, which interprets the laws.

Front 22

Proportionate representation

Back 22

an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.If proportional representation is used in an election, a political party that wins 10% of the vote, will win 10% of the seats in parliament and a party that wins 20% of the vote, will win 20% of the seats.

Front 23

Equal Representation

Back 23

Apportionment (politics), the way that representatives are assigned to voting groups, with equal representation meaning that all groups are fairly represented. One man, one vote, the principal that each vote must have equal value and election districts must have equal populations.

Front 24

Great Compromise

Back 24

The Great Compromise was an agreement made between large states and small states regarding how much power states would have under the United States Constitution. The Great Compromise helped determine how each of the US states was to be represented in the Congress.

Front 25

Bicameral legislature

Back 25

bicameral legislature has legislators in two separate assemblies United States Congress is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Front 26

Federalist

Back 26

a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority.

Front 27

Anti-Federalist

Back 27

a person who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1789 and thereafter allied with Thomas Jefferson's Antifederal Party, which opposed extension of the powers of the federal Government

Front 28

Bill of Rights

Back 28

The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual like freedom of speech, press, and religion. It sets rules for due process of law and reserves all powers not delegated to the Federal Government to the people or the States.

Front 29

Limited Government

Back 29

The idea that the government should not have too much power

Front 30

Separation of powers

Back 30

Government separated by different areas each having their own power

(U.S government is separated into three branches executive, legislative and judicial)

Front 31

Checks and balances

Back 31

Each branch of the government has the power to limit the power of the others

Front 32

Flexibility

Back 32

The Constitution is adaptable to change (elastic clause gives congress the power to make laws about any issue it sees as necessary creating amendments)

Front 33

Federalism

Back 33

Power is shared between state governments and the federal government

Front 34

Foreign Policy

Back 34

A government's strategy in dealing with other nations

Front 35

Isolationism

Back 35

A policy of remaining apart from the Affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political Affairs of other countries

Front 36

Alexander Hamilton

Back 36

Alexander Hamilton was a key figure in the ratification of the US constitution and a prolific writer in its defence, and later he served as the first treasury secretary of the United States during Washington's presidency. He died in 1804 following an infamous duel with sitting vice president Aaron Burr.

Front 37

Thomas Jefferson

Back 37

Thomas Jefferson is known as a Founding Father of the United States. He is most famous for writing the Declaration of Independence. Thomas grew up in the English Colony of Virginia. His parents, Peter and Jane, were wealthy landowners.

Front 38

Strict constructionist

Back 38

interpreting the Constitution based on a literal and narrow definition of the language without reference to the differences in conditions when the Constitution was written and modern conditions, inventions and societal changes.

Front 39

Loose constructionist

Back 39

a loose interpretation of the Constitution, which meant they believed that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid. This contrasted sharply with Thomas Jefferson's strict interpretation.

Front 40

Unwritten Constitution

Back 40

The idea that there are certain customs and traditions that the government is going to follow even though they are not written as lost in the Constitution.

( the president only running for two terms, the president has the power to create a cabinet. )

Front 41

Judicial review

Back 41

Idea that the Supreme Court has the right to declare laws unconstitutional

Front 42

Lobbying

Back 42

The lobby me that any group in the U.S has the right to try and influence members of Congress to vote in a certain way

Front 43

Westward expansion

Back 43

The time in the 1800's when the u.s. territory spread from the original 13 states on the East Coast all the way to the Pacific Ocean

Front 44

Manifest destiny

Back 44

The idea that God had given the US the right to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean even if it meant taking the territory of other people

Front 45

Louisiana Purchase

Back 45

Thomas Jefferson bought a huge territory from France that doubled the size of United States. The US gained new territory and also New Orleans an important port on the Gulf of Mexico, as well as control of the Mississippi River

Front 46

Texas Annexation

Back 46

Texas broke away from Mexico and was eventually annexed meaning added on to the US

Front 47

Mexican cession

Back 47

As a result of the Mexican-American War won by the US, Mexico was forced to give up 1/3 of its territory the modern day state of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada.

Front 48

Erie Canal

Back 48

An artificial Waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships that connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie.

Front 49

Indian Removal

Back 49

Law that allowed the president to negotiate with Southern Native American tribes for the removal to Federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for white settlement on their ancestral lands.

Front 50

Homestead Act

Back 50

Several laws in the United States from the 1850s to the 1930s that allowed an applicant including African-Americans to acquire ownership of government land or the public domain of up to 160 Acres of land typically called a homestead.

Front 51

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 51

A 1,912 mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing Eastern u.s. rail network at Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay.

Front 52

California Gold Rush

Back 52

A gold rush that began on January 24th, 1848, when gold was found by James W Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news of gold Brock proximately 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.

Front 53

Sectionalism

Back 53

Divisions between the North and the South and increased tensions over the issue of slavery the North and the South began to fight more and more over whether or not to allow slavery in the new territories of the United States.

Front 54

Missouri compromise

Back 54

Legislation that provided for the admission of Maine to United States as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state does maintain a balance of power between north and south in the United States Senate

Front 55

Compromise of 1850

Back 55

A package of five separate bills passed by United States Congress in September 1850 that diffused of political confrontation between slave and free states

( California was admitted to the Union as a free state, the remainder of the Mexican secession was divided into two territories of New Mexico and Utah organize without mention of slavery, the claim of Texas to a portion of New Mexico was Satisfied by payment of 10 million dollars, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed, the buying and selling of slaves was abolished in the District of Columbia)

Front 56

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Back 56

An organic act that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska it was drafted by Democratic senator Stephen A Douglas passed by the 33rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin Pierce.

Front 57

Fugitive Slave act

Back 57

Passed on September 18th, 1850 by Congress the act required that slaves be returned to their owners even if they were in a free state, the act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

Front 58

Dred Scott

Back 58

And enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857, popularly known as the Dred Scott case.

Front 59

Seceded

Back 59

Withdraw formally from membership of a federal union, and Alliance, or political or religious organization.

Front 60

Jim Crow laws

Back 60

Laws that were created to directly disobey the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to deny African-American their rights and prevent them from voting

(Literacy test and poll tax)

Front 61

Segregation

Back 61

The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, Community, or establishment.

Front 62

Plessy v. Ferguson

Back 62

A landmark 1896 US Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality all of racial segregation under the separate but equal Doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refuse to sit in a car for blacks.

Front 63

Population increasing

(late 1800s - early1900s)

Back 63

U.s. rapid population growth caused by a revolution in agriculture was produced much more food for more people as a result the population increased and so did the demand for products and the economy got stronger

Front 64

Advances in transportation

Back 64

Canal system, railroads, automobiles

(all helped develop trade)

Front 65

Advances in communication

Back 65

Telegraph, Telephone

(made Communications over long distance much faster and easier)

Front 66

New sources of energy

Back 66

Oil, electricity

(made new kinds of factory production possible)

Front 67

Rise of corporations

Back 67

Huge groups of companies with lots of money some became monopolized.

Front 68

Monopolies

Back 68

The exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.

Front 69

Open immigration policy

Back 69

Anyone at any time could decide to emigrate to the United States without any restriction.

Front 70

Laissez-faire capitalism

Back 70

The idea that the government should not interfere in business in other words the government shouldn't make a lot of regulations for business to follow the idea allowed businesses to pretty much do whatever they wanted including forming monopolies, using child labor, giving workers lopane dangerous conditions, and selling unsafe food and medicine to the public.

Front 71

Social Darwinism

Back 71

Also known as survival of the fittest. The idea said that the rich were Rich because you deserve to be rich while the poor were blamed for being poor as if it was their own fault. Social Darwinism was used to justify large economic inequalities.

Front 72

Trusts

Back 72

A structure where a trustee carries out the business on behalf of the trust members or beneficiaries. A trust is not a separate legal entity. A trustee must be an individual or a company. The trustee is legally liable for debts of the of the trusts and may use its assets to meet those debts.

( business Trust access might include stocks, cash, real estate, ownership of the company, or items of value.)

Front 73

Robber barons

Back 73

A person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices.

Front 74

Labor unions

Back 74

Organizations of Workers United in order to have more power to fight the bosses these organizations led to strikes and violence.

(Railroad Strike of 1877, Haymaker Riot, Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike)

Front 75

Populist party

Back 75

Party that Rose in the 1890s to protect the interests of farmers who were economically hurt by the railroad monopolies and corrupt banking practices.

Front 76

New immigrants

Back 76

The immigrants that came from Southern and Eastern Europe

Front 77

Old immigrants

Back 77

The immigrants that came from northern and western Europe

Front 78

Nativism

Back 78

Reaction of prejudice against immigrants, including dislike and fear.