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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Salutary Neglect
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he British foreign policy in the North American colonies until after the French and Indian War. The British kept out of many of the United States issues and allowed the colonies to self-govern. Because the United States had such freedoms and were able to run their own governments they were very upset when the British wanted complete control after the French and Indian War. The British switched their policy of salutary neglect after the French and Indian war because they believed that the had to keep the colonies safe from possible conflicts with the Native Americans. Many people (including Miss Murdoch) believe this change in policy with the colonies eventually lead to the Revolutionary War.
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Albany Plan of Union
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The meeting of the colonies where they decided that they would fight back against the oppression of Great Britain. They coined the phrase “Join or Die” which showed that the colonies were stronger together than apart. They discussed important events like the Stamp Act and possible ways to fight off British taxation.
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Proclamation of 1763
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the British declaration that granted the native americans full control over all the land west of the Appalachian mountains. This document was supposed to improve relations between the colonies and the native americans, but ultimately ended up doing the opposite. IT WAS ONE OF THE REASONS WE DECIDED TO DECLARE WAR ON BRITAIN!
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Stamp Act 1765
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the British tax on colonial all paper goods, including parchment, paper, and anything that needed to be stamped to be delivered out.
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Quartering Acts
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the British act that stated that Americans had to “quarter,” or house, British soldiers because the British were protecting the Americans from harm. The colonists hated that the British impressed so many of their rights and literally forced them out of their beds. This act proved that the British believed that the Americans were second class citizens. The Americans were enraged by this act.
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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the first official battle of the Revolutionary War
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Declaration of Causes for Taking Up Arms 1775
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The United States address to parliament that stated that they did not want to go to war with their mother country, but would fight if they had to. They listed out all the things that the British were doing wrong that they wanted them to fix.
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Olive Branch Petition 1775
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the letter the colonies constructed to King George III telling him how horribly Parliament treated the United States. The colonists believed that Parliament was imposing all these terrible acts/laws on the colonies without advising the King. The colonies were still loyal to the king and believed that he could fix their problem. They wrote this letter directly to the king to persuade him into helping the colonies.
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Proclamation of Rebellion 1775
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King George III’s retort (answer) to the colonies “Declaration of Causes for Taking Up Arms” and “Olive Branch Petition.” He said that the colonies had no right to revolt against the British government and that they were disrespecting him by disrespecting Parliament. He officially stated that the United States was rebelling against Britain in this document.
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Declaration of Independence 1776
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after receiving the “Proclamation of Rebellion” the United States listed out all the things, all the offenses that Britain committed and why they are declaring war. This document was our formal document of rebellion. The colonies were finally breaking away from Britain.
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Battle of Lexington and Concord
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the first battle of the revolutionary war.This battle was the first instinct that minutemen, or an group of soldiers who could assemble quickly.
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Battle of Saratoga
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the first major American victory in the Revolutionary war. The huge American victory scared Britain. This battle proved that the United States was a worthy ally and the French finally publically backed us after this battle as our own independent nation. This was the beginning of the end, after this the Americans slowly started to win the war. YAY!
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Battle of Yorktown
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the last official/major battle of the revolutionary war.
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Treaty of Paris 1783
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the treaty that ended the Revolutionary war. The British did sign the document and said the colonies were no longer under their control, but that didn’t work out so well. The two countries eventually got involved in the War of 1812, which our second war for independence from Great Britain. The British also would not sit for the portrait at the treaty because they knew this was the end of an age, that the empire would slowly start to decay and colonies would break away.
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Treaty of Alliance with France 1778
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After our major victory against Britain in the Battle of Saratoga, France decided to formally ally with the colonies. In this treaty, the French formally allied with the colonies as it’s own nation separate from Britain. This was a milestone in our independence because once France formally aided the Americans other countries (like the Dutch) joined on soon. The United States needed the formality of this treaty to win the war, without it the British might not have seen us as such a threat. This treaty showed that the colonies were a force to be reckoned with.
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President Washington's Neutrality Proclamation
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The address President Washington made at the end of the Revolutionary War where he stated that the United States should remain neutral to foreign nations. He believed that because the United States had just won its independence it should focus internally so larger nations could not come and conquer. If the United States showed a bias then they could easily be absorbed into a larger nation once again. Washington believed that it was counterproductive to favor one European nation over another because this other nation would probably treat us as poorly as Britain. We wanted to keep our independence so we stayed neutral.
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Jay’s Treaty
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the document John Jay went to Britain to get signed after the Revolutionary War. The British impressed American ships and kept their sailors hostage under the idea of “American ships LOOK British”. The Americans were outraged and decided to send Jay, one of their best politicians, over to Britain to reach some compromise. The United States was such a weak country at this time that Jay was unable to change anything. Consensus of the event-the United States was not ready for war with a larger, more powerful European nation.
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Monroe Doctrine
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the declaration made by President Monroe during the Age of Good Feeling that stated that the United States would focus on the issues that addressed the Western Hemisphere instead of those in Europe. This document showed that we did not want anything to do with Europe and we had to build up our strength before we fought with the Big Dogs. This was ultimately seen as a isolationist (non-involvement) move that allowed the United States to stay out of many European issues for a very long time.
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Quasi War 1796-1800
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During this time the United States had “play-battles” with France out at sea. The United States was not a very strong country so it was unable to declare war on France. These battles consumed much of President Adams time in office.
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Peaceable Coercion
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forcefully staying out of other countries business. Stating emphatically that you will not choose sides.
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Embargo Act
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the 1807 Act that stated that the United States would stop trading with both France and Britain. Both countries had formerly abused the United States so we chose not to enter conflict. Additionally, the United States was a small, unimportant nation and we were afraid that whichever side we chose would end up controlling us. As an incentive we would restart trade with whichever country stopped fighting first. We thought this would hurt Britain and France but it only hurt us.
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Nonintercourse Act
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After the Embargo Act was lifted this act came into play which allowed the United States to trade with every other country but Britain and France, yet again this only hurt us. The European nations were too strong to be dealt with.
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Impressment
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British ships and merchants would attack ships and capture Americans. They were able to get away with this because they said “American ships look British”. The United States tried to fight back against impressment but it got them nowhere. The British would not take the United States seriously. This was a major cause of the War of 1812.
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Treaty of Ghent
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the treaty that ended the War of 1812. This dcument is important because the British sat for the picture and admitted defeat. Though the treaty was signed and the war was over impressment did not stop for many more years.
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Battles of the War of 1812
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Washington DC: they burned the white house and Dolly MAdison carried out a picture of George Washington
baltimore and Fort McHenry: major battles that the British won. New Orleans: the last battle of the War of 1812 that was fought after the British had already admitted defeat. The United States slaughtered the British, winning by a landslide. It is because this victory was such a success that the United States entered a time of good feeling and nationalism rose. This battle gave people hope to believe in their country. |
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Imperialism
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the foreign policy where a larger, more experienced nation takes a smaller nation under its wing. They want to spread their influence to new areas and these new colonies are just the place to start.
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White Man’s Burden
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the old European belief that it was the duty of the white man to spread his influence and imperialism to the less advanced non-Western peoples. The European nations had to conquer the others because they knew how to rule.
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Missionary Spirit
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the old European belief that Western Christianity must be spread to other regions of the world in order to spread God’s love. These men forced catholicism and protestantism on other regions because western religion was superior.
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Social Darwinism
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the idea that the strong, Western countries must help the weaker countries throughout the world. The weak die and the strong survive.
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Queen Liliuokalani and the Annexation of Hawaii
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the last queen of Hawaii who was kicked out of power by the US military and sugar plantation owners. She fell victim to social darwinism. She didn’t rule like Western nations so they kicked her out of power.
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Rough Riders
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Rough Riders: the famous “cowboy” soldiers that Teddy Roosevelt lead during the Spanish-American War. Many of these soldiers came from various backgrounds and places but these men were famous for being from the “Wild West”. This was a very important cavalry.
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Battles of the Spanish American War
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San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill
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Reconcentration Camps
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the camps that the Spanish government sent the poor villagers to live in. If a person or someone in their family was guilty of a crime they would most likely be found in one of these camps. These camps had terrible living conditions and diseases spread very quickly, which both increased the death toll. These camps, similar to those the Nazis used on the Jews, were death/hell camps.
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Yellow Journalism
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the “People” magazine of their day, these magazines posted incorrect information in the tabloids to arouse the war. Yellow journalism was used to insitgate the Spanish-American War by portraying that the Spanish sunk the USS Maine. This encouraged Americans to be patriotic and declare war against Spain.
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USS Maine
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Upon the sinking of the US ship, yellow journalism stated that the Spanish purposefully exploded the USS Maine. This was ultimately wrong (it was an internal explosion) and caused us to declare war on Spain.
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Teller Amendment
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the amendment that stated that the Untied States would not permanently govern over Cuba. The United States would only protect the Cubans for a short while as they developed into a stronger country. The United States wanted to show off their power to other nations so they could be recognized as a powerful nation, but the Cubans wanted complete Western independence for once in their history. The United States ultimately gained too much control over Cuba and violated this amendment
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Platt Amendment
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the amendment that stated that Cuban could not trade or interact with countries other than America and no other nations could use the island as a military base.
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Treaty of Paris 1898
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the treaty that ended the Spanish-American War.
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Emilio Aguinaldo and the Philippines
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a revolutionary in the Philippines that the United States originally supported when the Philippines wanted independence from Spain but then we threw him out of power when we gained country of the Pacific country.
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Teddy Roosevelt
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a US President and the founder of the Rough Riders. Teddy Roosevelt believed that the United States should be a coercive power in the world. He wanted the United States to regulate and police the Western Hemisphere from the European powers.
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"Big Stick Speech"
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A speech at a world's fair that the United States should protect and police over all affairs in the Western Hemisphere.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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The addition to the Monroe Doctrine that stated that the United States should protect and police over all affairs in the Western Hemisphere.
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Neutrality
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the foreign policy where a nation chooses not to side with either party. The United States used this method of foreign policy at the outbreak of the first world war. They believed that it was best if they did not choose one side over the other in order to keep and maintain trade with both the Central Powers and the Allies. At this time, although the United States claimed that it was neutral it supported the Allies with arms and ammunitions. The Central Powers did not like what the United States was doing in the war, so they eventually declared war on us.
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Isolationism
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the foreign policy where a nation does not get involved in the affairs of other countries. It is not that they don’t want to chose a side, but rather that they don’t want to get involved. The United States claimed to be isolationists at the start of World War I.
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Zimmerman Telegram
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the note that the German ambassador to Mexico sent the Mexican government that asked Mexico to back them in a war against the United States. Germany promised Mexico back territory in the Southwest (New Mexico, Texas, Arizona-areas they previously lost) if they helped them in the war. Although Mexico declined, this was the event that decided that the US should enter into WWI
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Peace of Paris Conference
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the post World War I conference held in Paris where the Big THree (France, US and Great Britain) settled the outcomes of the war. Probably the most important decision made at this conference was to completely blame Germany for the war. Germany had to pay huge reparations for the war because they initiated the war. The Allies did not pay for anything, which built up a resentment for other European countries in Germany. Europe, overall, formed an anti-Geramn opinion because this nation caused the war. The Germans were deeply hurt by the lack of understanding from their fellow countries. Many people believe (Murdoch included) that the Germans felt so oppressed during our “roaring 20’s” that they were easily swayed by the words and promises of Hitler to bring Germany back to glory.
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Big Three
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the three countries that lead and conducted the Peace of Paris Conference. The United States, France, and Britain decided on the final outputs of the war and chose to completely blame Germany for the war.
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President Wilson’s Proclamation of Neutrality
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when the war in Europe broke out President Wilson promised not to get involved because of the Monroe Doctrine. He believed that the United States needed to focus internally rather than externally. Wilson also took our diverse backgrounds when he chose to stay neutral. He believed that because the United States was such a diverse place if he declared war on one ethnic group, the Americans from that background would be beaten and bullied. He did not want to offend any Americans so he stayed out of the war for as long as he could.
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Wilson’s Declaration of War
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President Wilson decided to declare war on the Central Powers because they personally threatened the United States with the Zimerman Telgram. Wilson believed that the United States had to go on the defensive and fight against this nation that tried to impose upon its freedom. The RMS Lusitania and other events of the war piled up and hurt the Americans ideas on neutrality. Although many Americans still didn’t want to go to war, they understood Wilson’s reasoning more.
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Triple Entente
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Great Britain
France Russia |
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Central Powers
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Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire Germany |
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U-Boats
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he German submarine boats that they used to sink Allied ships. The allies believed that the u-boats were dangerous and unfair ships, so u-boats became banned. Though the Germans were not technically allowed to use these ships, they still continued to use u-boats. U-Boat warfare caused the RMS Lusitania to sink, which sent the United States into uproar. This ship, which carried US citizens and ammunitions, showed how biased we were in the war. U-Boats were terrible ships that caused great destruction.
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RMS Lusitania
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the ship that the German u-boats sunk in 1915 which was carrying US people and arms. This event showed the United States’ true side in the war and that we weren’t as neutral as we said we were.
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No Man’s Land
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the land over the top of the trenches where it was very easy to get killed. Going over the top was practically a death sentence because there was nowhere that anyone could really hide from the enemy, but it was very easy for them to shoot you.
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Trench Warfare
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the kind of warfare mainly used in World War I where the two sides each had dug out trenches (located near each other) and they waited in these underground holes for an attack.
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Machine Guns
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World War I was the first war to use machine guns. machine guns allow someone to fire many bullets in a fast, repetitive motion without having to reload the gun. before this war, every time someone wanted to fire another bullet they would have to reload their gun. This changed the way war was played because it allowed the men to kill more people with less effort and create a better “victory.”
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Mustard gas
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the kind of gas each side of World War I used to kill their opponent. This bomb slowly killed people brutally and painfully. Everyone hoped they wouldn’t have to die a slow death with mustard gas to kill them.
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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the second in line to the throne of Austria-Hungary whose death jump started the first World War. He was killed by a Serbian who wanted independence from the empire. After this event war broke out in Europe over who supported which country. The Allies formed an alliance with Serbia and the Germans and Ottomans stayed true to their already established alliance with Austria-Hungary. His assassination was the straw that broke the camels back, the last event to start the war.
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Reparations
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the dues that the Germans had to pay after the war. The allies forced Germany for the entire war. The Germans had to give up its empire and much of it’s continental land, they lost their allies (because they were all destroyed) and their economy plummeted because they had to pay for the war. The Germans believed that they needed to reaffirm themselves as a nation, but did not know how to until Hitler and his grand ideas of restoring Germany came to power. The reparations are a major cause of World War II.
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League of Nations
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An idea first proposed by Woodrow Wilson, this organization would be a aggregate of nations that helped create “Peace without Victory”. The main purpose of this organization was to produce solutions to problems before they became wars. The United States ultimately though this group had too many problems, but Europe kept the idea and created their own league.
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Treaty of Versailles 1919
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the treaty that the Big Three decided upon after the First World War. This completely blamed Germany for the war and forced no consequences on any other nation.
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War Guilt Clause
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the part of the Treaty of Versailles 1919 that stated that Germany had to pay huge reparations for the war because they started the war. The Germans lost their territories, allies, and economy because they lost the war.
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“Peace without Victory”
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an idea first proposed by President Wilson that stated that the League of Nations would be an organization finding peace and creating lasting governments instead of turning to war. This idea shows that war is not the answer.
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Appeasement
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the foreign policy used by the British before World War II to avoid war. By not declaring war on Germany, the British gave into Hitler’s demands and forced themselves harm than good because by the time Chamberlin realized Hitler was a monster he was unable to stop the German official from gaining power in Europe. Appeasement is the downside to no war and it allows very bad things to happen.
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Pearl Harbor
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the attack by the Japanese air force on the Hawaiian US naval base that brought the United States into WWII. ALthough the media portrays this event as some unexpected event we never could have stopped, the facts point elsewhere. The United States would get calls from the Japanese government telling us they would attack us but they never did. Two planes also flew overhead of a Us post in the Pacific, but the soldiers aboard the ship said that these were US planes coming in for a landing. The United States had plenty of time to prepare, but we didn’t. Nonetheless, Pearl Harbor was a truly horrific event that forced the non-involved US to take a stance in WWII.
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Lend Lease
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The idea supposed by Roosevelt that the United States would lend out money to the allies and the allies would pay the US back after the war. This political move enraged Hitler and brought us further away from our foreign policy of neutrality.
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Cash and Carry
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Like Lend Lease, the Cash and Carry act was an idea that would increase jobs and the economy. The United States would create goods, here in the States, and they would ship them over to help the allies. This was a brilliant idea because people had to work to create these goods and the other nations paid the US for creating these arms. Also, like the Lend Lease, the United States moved further away from Germany through this foreign policy.
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Marshall Plan
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the plan first implemented after the Second World War where the United States lent out money to all the European countries with cities destroyed and helped rebuild them. The United States did not give any money to the Soviet Union, which showed the beginnings of the Cold War. The US did give funds to the Germans, Italians, and Japanese, which was a kick in the head for the Soviets.
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Yalta Conference
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the conference after World War II where the Big Three (US, Britain, and Russia) split Berlin up into four quarters. They discussed post-war Germany throughout the conference. After the event, the iron curtain was created between the free world in the West and Communism in the East.
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Potsdam Conference
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the last conference after World War II where the final decisions on post war Germany were put into place. The United States and the Soveit Union disagreed on many issues and this is said to be the start of the Cold War. While this event was happening the United States was inthe midst of creating the atomic bomb (which further distanced us from the Soviets).
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Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937
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The acts under President Roosevelt that stated that the United States would not get involved in any potential problem in Europe. We ignored the appeasement of the British towards the Germans. The United States wanted to stay out of Europe’s business.
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Axis Powers
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Japan (was an ally in WWI but didn’t get anything so they changed sides.)
Italy (was an ally in WWI but didn’t get anything so they changed sides.) Germany |
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Allied Powers
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Britain
Russia France (for some time before they were taken over by the Germans) US (after Pearl Harbor) |
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Proxy War
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when two superpowers fight through smaller nations because they don’t want to declare war. The Vietnam and Korean War are excellent examples of Cold War proxy wars.
Soviet Satellite: an independent nation that was able to “run itself” but the Soviet Union manipulated it. These countries were not really countries, just different divides of the Soviet Union (like states). |
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NATO
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a trading alliance between Western countries that supported the United States. This was not a military alliance like the Warsaw Pact.
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Warsaw Pact
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a reaction to NATO the Eastern Soviet satellites joined with the USSR to form a military alliance against the United States and any members of NATO.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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a 13 day confrontation with the USSR and Cuba vs. United States. It is regarded as the moment in the Cold War that came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict. Result: Khrushev removed missiles from Cuba and United States withdrew its missiles from Turkey and Italy and made an agreement that it (the U.S.) would not invade Cuba.
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Destroyers for Bases
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United States gave Britain 50 World War I tanks in exchange for 8 naval bases in the Caribbean and Canada. It did not violate the Neutrality acts because it is an exchange. It was a presidential agreement between United States President FDR and Churchill, in which could not be vetoed by Congress.
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Good Neighbor Policy
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with Latin America= United Western Hemisphere. FDR did not want countries intervening in other countries’ problems. He wanted non-intervention and cooperation.
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