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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did the Depression take place?
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1929-1941
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Who was elected president in 1928?
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Herbert Hoover
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What were some economic weaknesses during the late 1920's?
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farmers suffered from falling crop prices, tariff increased, and the oil and steel industries slowed
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By the fall of 1929, how much value did the stock market lose within a couple of days?
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25% of it's value
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By 1932, how much had the stock market lost in value?
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89%
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What effect did the crash have on most people?
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many people borrowed from banks to buy shares, so when the market crashed they had to reposess many of the people's things since most people couldn't pay the banks back, some even committed suicide
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what happened with factories during the great depression?
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nobody was buying anything, inventory in warehouses were building up so factories had to shut down, many people got laid off
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what was the unemployment rate up to by 1933?
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25%, 1 in 4 people were unemployed
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what was Hoover's response to the economic depression?
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he created a 3-part program to help big business, farmers, and public works
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how did Hoover plan to help farmers, and was it successful?
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Hoover hired officials to buy crops, farmers would then have money to buy stuff which would promote big business, but the officials didn't buy enough so it failed
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How did Hoover plan to help big businesses, and did it work?
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a government agency was established to lend big businesses money to avoid bankruptcy, it worked well
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How did Hoover plan to help public works?
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the government gave money to cities to fix roads/bridges/etc to promote people to travel, but failed because the cities only used a little of the money they got
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What did Hoover change for the unemployed?
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Said if you were unemployed you couldn't get help from the government, because it was the state's or city's problem
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Who won the election of 1932?
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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How did Roosevelt win the election of 1932?
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he attacked Hoover, said his plan wasn't good and was only worsening the nation's problems
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What was the New Deal's nickname? why?
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called the "alphabet soup" because all the programs were know by their acronyms..AAA, NRA, TVA
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When was FDR president? (years)
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1933-1945
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Who was FDR's wife, and how was she unusual?
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Eleanor Roosevelt, she was Theodore Roosevelt's neice, so her name never changed when she got married
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what was the 1920 election known as, and why?
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The "Ohio election", because both rep/dem. candidates were from ohio, so no matter what the next president would be from ohio
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What happened to FDR after the 1920 election?
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he got sick with polio, ended up losing his ability to move his legs, bound to a wheelchair
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what did FDR do before he was president?
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he was governor of New York
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how many terms did FDR serve?
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4 terms total, but he died 3 months into the last one because of poor health
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when did the New Deal go into action, and how long did it last?
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1933-1939
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how was the New Deal divided up?
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there were 3 phases
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what was the result of the first phase of the New Deal (1933-1934)?
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relief, recovery, and reform (many programs created, such as NRA, AAA, FDIC, TVA)
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what was the NRA?
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National Recovery Administration, organized labor, but later declared unconstitutional, Congress said businesses couldn't divide up their shares (violated the anti-trust act)
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what was the AAA?
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Agricultural Adjustment Administration, helped farmers, made crop prices go up
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what was the TVA?
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Tennessee Valley Authority, built dams along the Tennessee River to prevent floods in southern areas and provide hydroelectricity
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what happened in the second phase of the New Deal (1935)?
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the Wagner act, REA established, social security established
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what did the Wagner Act of 1935 do?
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allowed the unionization of workers
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what is the purpose of REA?
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they brought electricity to rural areas, before only 1 in 10 farm houses had electricity, by 1950 all had electricity
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what did social security ensure?
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unemployed people can receive money from the government, along with people over 65 (most people only lived to be about 45-55 then)
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what happened in the third phase of the New Deal (1938)?
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FDR cut many programs at first, said we were deficit spending, but the economy crashed again so he created more programs such as the FLSA
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what did the FLSA do?
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created the first minimum wage (about .40 cents), and the maximum 40 hour workweek, after that employers were required to pay extra for more hours
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what happened to the New Deal in 1939?
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WWII was on the horizon, FDR spent more time on foreign affairs so the New Deal basically faded out of the picture
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what did the New Deal do for the depression? from the conservative point of view
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by raising taxes and enforcing government regulation it prolonged the depression
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what did the New Deal do for the depression? from the conventional point of view
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FDR was a great president, and the New Deal reduced the depression
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what effect did the New Deal have in general for the U.S.?
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caused drastic growth in big business, commercialized the president, government gained more control/regulation
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when did the Russian Revolution occur, and what happened as a result of it?
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1917, produced a communist regime led by the Bolsheviks (V.I. Lenin)
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what did the Bolsheviks rename Russia, and why?
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Russia was re-named the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), they wanted to create a "classless" society, everyone equal
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what was the Red Scare?
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the Bolsheviks plan looked promising, many Americans started protesting/rioting
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what did Wilson (then president) do to end the Red Scare?
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released hundreds of federal agents to search people's homes, read their mail, closely monitor communist suspects without any warrant/permission (Palmer Raids)
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when did the "Jazz Age" occur?
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the 1920's
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what happened to women durint the 1920's?
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the "flapper" relplaced the Victorian woman as the female idol, short dresses, bead necklaces, short hair, danced/smoked/drank just like the men of the time
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what controversial program was established in the 1920's?
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American Birth Control League, founded by Margaret Sanger, was very shocking because people never talked about sex/protection back then
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what was passed in January of 1919 that was so controversial?
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the 18th Amendment, "Prohibition", made the sale/manufacturing/transporting of alcohol illegal
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what happened as a result of the passing of the 18th Amendment?
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"gangsters" (such as Al Capone) became popular/rich by secretly providing alcohol to people in cities, crime increased with the invention of the automobile and machine gun, even kids were stealing/drinking/smoking/driving cars
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what was going on with religion in the 1920's?
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the newly introduced Darwin-evolution theory was being taught in schools, religious people felt threatened , so eventually it became outlawed in many states
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what was the Scopes "Monkey" Trial of 1925?
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John Scopes (teacher) accepted offer from ACLU which was illegal, allowed Dayton, TN, to sell stuffed monkeys, etc.
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how did the Scopes Trial end?
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Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow, prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan who was an expert on the Bible, Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but it was later overturned due to a "technical error"
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what/who was the Ku Klux Klan, and when did they re-emerge?
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group that was very racist, feared that immigration/minorities would take over America, they re-emerged in the 1920's in both the North and the South
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who did the KKK target?
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blacks, catholics, jews, KKK said they were the cause of moral deterioration in America
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what were the characteristics of a KKK member? race, religion
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KKK members were all white protestants
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what effect did the Harlem Renaissance have?
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caused a rise in black artists, journalists, poets, and musicians (Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Duke Ellington)
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what was significant about the treatment of black musicians internationally?
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they were treated better in places such as Europe than they were in the U.S., due to segregation issues in the U.S.
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what organization was created in 1910 by W.E.B. Dubois?
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The NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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what were the "Jim Crow" laws?
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"seperate but equal", segregation laws
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what was the first silent film in 1922?
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"The Jazz Singer"
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who was the first man to fly across the Atlantic in 1927?
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Charles Lindbergh
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who were the 3 Republican presidents during the early 1900's?
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Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
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when was Warren Harding president?
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1920-1923 (died of a heart attack in 1923, just a year short of finishing his term)
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who was president during the Teapot Dome Scandal?
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Warren Harding
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what was the Teapot Dome Scandal?
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oil was deposited on federal land, Harding's corrupt appointees (The Ohio Gang) basically tried to get rich at the public's expense
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how did the Teapot Dome Scandal turn out?
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before it could actually be carried out, Harding died of a heart attack so it never was fully carried out
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who was elected to take over for Harding in 1924?
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Calvin Coolidge
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what was Calvin Coolidge's nickname?
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"silent cal", was very quiet/humble for a president
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what was Calvin Coolidge's plan or "motto"?
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thought business was business, the government shouldn't interfere with businesses
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what effect did Coolidge's plan have on the economy?
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his plan caused the economic boom during the 1920's
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who was elected president in 1928, and where was he from?
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Herbert Hoover, he was a Quaker from Iowa, and also was an engineer so he was rich
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what did Hoover belief in, or what was his plan?
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Hoover was a progressivist, believed in the power and use of government regulation
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what major event happened just a few months after Hoover was elected?
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the Great Depression, poor shantytowns became known as "hoovervilles"
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When did the Great Depression take place?
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1929-1941
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when had the U.S. had previous recession/depression scares?
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1873,1893
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when did the Depression begin for farmers?
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1921, crop prices fell, so they were struggling to make money
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what was the Hawley-Smoot tariff of 1930?
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was supposed to stimulate the economy, but actually raised prices/taxes on imports so consumers couldn't afford many products
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when did the stock market crash, and what is that day known as?
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October 29, 1929 (known as "Black Tuesday")
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what happened to most families as a result of the Great Depression?
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families were broken up, parents often sent children to live with more fortunate relatives, or they were put into orphanages
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what happened in the mid-west in the 1930's?
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a severe drought cause the "Dust Bowl", farmers struggled greatly
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what happened as a result of the Dust Bowl?
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many people moved out west, taking Route 66 (making it famous), others went to the Soviet Union where jobs were guaranteed/more available
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what did WWI vets do in the spring of 1952? what were they called?
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the "Bonus Army" marched to Washington, D.C. demanding their cash bonuses they were promised back in 1924, but the army was called in and removed them
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who was Huey Long, and what did he do in 1936?
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Lousiana governor/senator, created the "share our wealth" plan that basically took surpluses from the rich and created homes and better wages for the poor
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how did Huey Long influence FDR?
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Long influenced FDR to attack big businesses and support organized labor
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what was the "court-packing plan" of 1937? did it work?
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allowed the president to appoint a new supreme court justice for each current one over 70 years old, Congress refused to pass it and it became FDR's greatest defeat
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when was the U.S. in a state of isolationism?
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1920's-1930's
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what did the European powers (winners of WWII) demand?
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that the Germans pay them reparations from all the damage they did to European nations in the war
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what effect did the reparations have on Germany?
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Germany was already having financial problems, so they went into chaos, unemployment, severe inflation, strikes, and communism drastically rose
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who were the Nazi's, and why did they become popular?
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National Socialist Party, became popular because of their anti-communism beliefs/plans
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how did Hitler make his plan work, or capitalize?
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he capitalized on the fears/suspicions of the Jews, who the Nazi's thought were dominating the financial markets
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what happened in Italy during the late 1930's?
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fascists became powerful, led by Benito Mussolini
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who were the fascists, and where were they popular?
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mainly Italy, they opposed radicalism, especially communism, like the Nazi's
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when was the Spanish Civil War, and what effect did it have?
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1936, Francisco Franco took over as dictator and brought fascist regime to power
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what controversial thing did the Germans do in 1936?
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the Germans reoccupied Rhineland, which violated the Treaty of Versailles
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what reaction did the other nations have towards the first German invasions of Rhineland and Sudetenland?
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they just blew it off, thought that if he got the few countries he wanted, then he would be satisfied and not invade anyone else..but they were wrong
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where did the Germans invade in 1938?
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Sudetenland (Czech Republic)
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what was happening while the Germans invaded during 1938?
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a conference was being held in Munich, where leaders from England and France concluded that Hitler would now be satisfied with Rhineland and Sudetenland, and would stop invading
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what happened that caused WWII to start?
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the Germans invaded Poland, so England and France declared war on Germany
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when did WWII officially begin?
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September 1, 1939
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what reaction did Roosevelt have to Hitler's actions?
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was concerned, formed a close relationship with Britian's Prime Minister Winston Churchill
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to ensure isolationism in the U.S., what did congress do in the 1930's?
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passed several Neutrality Acts
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what was the America First Committee that formed in the late 1930's?
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group that said we didn't need to get involved in Europe's problems, promoted isolationism/neutrality of U.S.
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what was the majority of American's view about our participation in WWI?
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they didn't trust Wilson very much, thought our participation in WWI was a mistake
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what was the Nye Committee of 1934-1936?
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examined economy during WWI, concluded that a lot of people made a lot of money during the war
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what is totalitarianism?
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system of ideas where power is given to a dictator who crushed opposition at home, and had an aggressive foreign policy
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what nations came under the power of totalitarianism?
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Italy, Japan, Germany
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who took power in Italy, and what did he believe?
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Benito Mussolini, blamed all Italy's problems on foreign nations
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what did the Japanese call their empire during the 1920's-1930's, and what land did it include?
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the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, included parts of China, Russia and the islands off the coast of China
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how many Chinese are estimated to have been killed during the co-prosperity era (1931-1945)?
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19-35 million chinese
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what caused WWII?
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axis agression
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what was the first sign of axis agression?
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Japan invaded manchuria in 1931
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who did Italy invade?
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Ethiopia in 1935, Albania in 1939, and southeastern France in 1940
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when did Germany denounce the Treaty of Versailles, and what happened next?
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1935, they then invaded and took over Rhineland
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what did Mussolini do to Hitler in the Munich conference?
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gave Hitler Sudetenland, Hitler threatened to go to war if they didn't, but in the end Hitler was still mad since he actually wanted to go to war
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how long did it take Germany to take over Poland, and France?
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just only 60 days to take over poland, and only 32 days for France
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what effect did the League of Nations have on the axis agression and WWII?
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none, they basically said "you better not do that" and that was it
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what did the Neutrality Acts do (1936-1937)?
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they prohibited Americans from selling munitions, lending money, or traveling on belligerent nations ships
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what did the neutrality acts do for the axis powers?
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gave them an advantage, we stopped associating with nations at war, so the allied powers had less supplies
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who were the allied powers?
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England, Russia , China, (U.S. after 1941)
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what did the U.S. trade Britain in 1940, and for what?
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we traded 50 destroyers in exchange for access to 8 British air/navy bases in europe
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what did the Lend-Lease Program do, how much did it cost?
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we began giving the allies goods, weapons/materials, cost was $50 billion
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what territories did the U.S. take over in 1941?
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Greenland and Iceland (prevented Germans from getting them)
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what did FDR order the Navy to do in 1941, and what did the U.S. do after?
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he ordered them to shoot down any German u-boat in the Atlantic Ocean, which allowed U.S. merchant ships to convoy to Iceland to give supplies to the allies
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what did the U.S. decide to do in 1941 to Japan?
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restrict sale of iron, machine tools, and oil to Japan, which was later prohibited/illegalized
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what were the terms of negotiation between the U.S. and Japan?
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they wanted us to lift the trade embargo, we said we would if they pulled out of certain countries, but Japanese refused
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what did the Japanese end up doing, and when?
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attacked/bombed U.S. Naval base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, on Dec. 7, 1941
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what mistake did the Japanese make when they attacked Pearl Harbor?
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they missed the main aircraft carriers they were tryin to bomb, destroyed only 2 of the 8 total battleships
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what were the only 2 battleships destroyed at Pearl Harbor?
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the Oklahoma and the Arizona
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how did pearl harbor compare to the Russo-Japanese war, in terms of the Japanese's war plan?
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they easily sunk the Russian fleet, so they thought by sinking ours it would take us several years to rebuild the base, but it only took 6 months
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when did the U.S. declare war on Japan?
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December 8, 1941 (the next day after Pearl Harbor)
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when did Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.?
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December 11, 1941, they were basically living up to their treaty with Japan (allies with Japan)
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what type of war was WWII?
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more like two seperate wars
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who had most of the power in Europe in 1941?
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the axis powers, germany and italy dominated europe, while japan was expanding it's empire (biggest 6 months after pearl harbor)
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how long did experts think the war would last?
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7-15 years, but actually only lasted 4 (after we joined)
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how was production and industry in the U.S. during the war?
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the U.S. was producing more war materials than all the axis powers combined
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what allied nation did most of the fighting, and how many of their troops were killed?
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the Russians, almost 20 million (half of total killed in WWII were Russians)
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what was Churchill's plan for the allies?
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said we should go slow, wait to attack until we were sure we would win
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what was the Russian's plan for the allies?
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thought we should just attack right away and get the war over with as soon as possible
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where did Dwight Eisenhower lead U.S. troops to, to begin the taking over of Europe in 1942?
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North Africa
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after establishing in North Africa, how did the allies take control of all Africa?
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U.S. moved west, Britain moved east, met in the middle and "sandwiched" the Germans/Italians, they surrendered easily
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after North Africa, who did the Allies invade and take over in July 1943?
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Sicily (the "toe" on the "boot" of Italy, then moved up through Italy
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what happened to the Italian government after the allies took over Italy?
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Mussolini was kicked out of power
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what happened on June 6, 1944?
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D-Day, Allies opened up the second front, invaded france from the west and Russia invaded from the east, met in the middle in 1945
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how did D-Day end up? when did the fight end, and who won allies or axis
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allies won, Germany surrendered in France on May 8, 1945 (known as V-E Day)
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how did the U.S. halt the advance of the Japanese, and when?
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battles of Coral Sea, and Midway Island, in June 1942
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what was the battle of Coral Sea?
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naval battle between U.S. and Japan, Japan barely won
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what was the battle of Midway Island?
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naval/air battle between U.S. and Japan, we won, and killed their most experienced pilots which gave us a huge advantage from then on
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what happened right after the battles of midway and coral sea?
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U.S. launched a two pronged assault led by army general Douglas McArthur and navy admiral Chester Nimitz
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what effect did the two-prong attack have on the Japanese?
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kept them guessing, didn't know where to expect the next hit
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from where did the two sides attack in the two-prong attack on the Japanese?
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one side came from the west Indies, the other force came from the navy who approached japan from the southeast water
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what president authorized the dropping of the atomic bombs?
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Harry Truman
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when and where were the atomic bombs dropped?
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Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 8, 1945
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when did Harry Truman become president, and who did he succeed?
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Truman became president in 1945, after FDR died of a heart attack
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when did Japan surrender, and what is the day known as?
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August 15, 1945, was the end of WWII, known as V-J Day (victory in Japan)
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when did WWII officially end?
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August 15, 1945
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how much did the GNP increase from 1939 to 1945?
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$90 billion to $170 billion
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why did the GNP increase so much during the war years?
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many people worked because they felt it was their "duty" to do what they could to help the war effort
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what effect did the war have on employment?
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led to full employment, was 7.2% in 1939, went down to just 1.2% in 1944
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what problem did employers face during WWII?
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actually had a shortage of workers, ended up employing POWs
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how many main POW camps did the U.S. have?
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5
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what scientific advances were made in the 1940's?
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antibiotics, herbicides/insecticides, new weapons
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what were the advantages of the invention of penicillin?
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control/prevent diseases, saved many soldiers lives, worked for every disease since it was the first medicine
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how much did insecticides/pesticides increase crop production?
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harvest increased 50-75% percent, agriculture became much more reliable/efficient
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what new weapons were invented in the 1940's?
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the jet airplane, rocket, radar, atomic bomb
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how many Japanese-Americans were put into detention camps, and why?
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about 100,000, U.S. government feared that Japanese immigrants on the west coast would assist the Japanese if they attacked the west coast first
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how much did the war cost us, and how many were killed?
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about $350 billion, 400,000 killed (290,000 in battle) for once disease was not the main killer of soldiers over battle
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what was the ratio of survivors among soldiers? ex. 2 out of 5
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3 out of 4 soldiers died (highest casualty rate ever)
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when was the Cold War?
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1945-1950
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what was the popular myth about the U.S.?
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that the U.S. always wins the war, but loses peace
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how did the Cold War originate?
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the fate over eastern and southern Europe
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what famous leader warned the Soviets of an "iron curtain" in 1946?
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Winston Churchill
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what author published "The Cold War" in 1947?
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Walter Lippmann
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who did the U.S. support during the Cold War?
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Stalin and the Russians
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what new movement was being established in Europe (Russia) during the Cold War?
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communism
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when did the Yalta Conference take place?
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1945
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what happened at the Yalta Conference? what 4 main goals did they create in respect with Europe?
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the allies agreed on plans to defeat Germany, create 4 main occupation zones in Germany, Russian acquisition of Polish land, and establishment of representative governments in Eastern Europe
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what 4 goals did the allies agree on at the Yalta Conference in respect with Russia?
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Russian declaration of war on Japan within 90 days of Germany's defeat, Russian domination of outer Mongolia, Russian commercial privileges in China, and Russian acquisition of Japanese islands
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when did Russia establish communist satellites in eastern Europe?
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1945-1948
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who did Russia aid that were also communist at the time?
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Greece and Turkey
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what did the U.S. take over in 1947? (during the cold war)
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the British task of providing aid to governments in Greece and Turkey
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who created the theory "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" in July of 1947, and what did it say?
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George Kennan (wrote it under the name of "X"), said that the U.S. must contain Russian influence and communism
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what idea became the "cornerstone" of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War?
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containment
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who came up with the "Marshall Plan", and what did it do?
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Secretary of state George Marshall, plan was to aid Europe, which we ended up sending $13 billion to western Europe between 1948-1951
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did the Marshall Plan work? what effect did it have on Europe?
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yes, it was very successful in helping western Europe recover from war, and communist threats receded
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when and how many nations joined in the NATO alliance?
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1949, a total of 12 nations all joined (including the U.S.)
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when did Greece and Turkey join NATO?
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1952
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when did Germany join NATO?
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1955
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who were the last to join NATO, and when?
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Albany and Croatia joined in 2009
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how many total nations are in NATO today?
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28
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was the U.S.'s containment policy successful in Europe in the Cold War?
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yes
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where was the U.S. containment policy NOT successful?
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Asia (Japan/China/India)
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what did the signing of NATO alliance establish?
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a European military alliance among all the nations who also signed
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what battle was fought in 1940 that caused Americans to sympathize Britain?
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Battle of Britain
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what happened in the Battle of Britain?
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German planes bombed British Isles for several weeks
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what response did FDR have to the Battle of Britain?
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he got Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act, which ensured British access to American war supplies
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what was Japan's response to the Lend-Lease Act?
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Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy
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what did the Tripartite Pact ensure?
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that all 3 nations (Japan, Germany, Italy) would declare war on any nation that attacked one of them
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what export did the U.S. stop sending to Japan, and what did the Japanese do in response?
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oil, Japan just went and attacked oil-rich Dutch/British colonies
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what new leader took over Japan in 1941?
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Hideki Tojo
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what was FDR's response to the Japanese invasion of Dutch/British colonies in 1940?
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FDR sent Army general Douglas MacArthur and troops to Phillipines
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what happened on Sunday, December 7, 1941?
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Japanese airplanes attacked/bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (navy/air base)
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how many people died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
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about 2,400 that were on the base
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when did the U.S. declare war on Japan?
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December 8, 1941 (the day after the Pearl Harbor attacks)
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when did Germany and Italy delcare war on the U.S.?
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December 11, 1941 (had to because of the Tripartite Pact with Japan)
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who were the Allies in WWII?
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U.S., Britain, and Soviet Union
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who were known as the "Big Three"? during WWII?
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FDR, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin
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what was the German's war plan called, and who did they all take over?
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"blitzkrieg" (lightning war), quickly took over Poland, France, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and Netherlands
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who led the U.S. troops in taking control of Africa and Italy (Sicily), and moving up into Europe?
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General George S. Patton, Jr.
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when did the U.S. finally take over Rome?
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June 1944
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what famous leader was killed in 1944, and by who?
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Benito Mussolini (Italy), was killed by Italian rebels
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what was "Operation Overlord", and who was in charge of it?
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planned Allied invasion of Europe through Normandy, the largest invasion force in history, led by Dwight Eisenhower
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what is June 6, 1944 known as?
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D-Day
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why was D-Day a struggle for the Allies at first?
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before dawn allied troops headed for Normandy, suffered many casualties before making it past the beaches because Germans were standing guard and opened fire, the Allied troops made many mistakes/miscalculations
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how many Allied troops were killed on D-Day, and how did that change 2 weeks later?
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5,000 were killed on the beaches, but 2 weeks later more than 1 million had made it ashore, so we won the battle
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what happened in the Battle of the Bulge? (December 1944)
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harsh winter, but U.S. troops held the Germans back at Bestogne, Belgium
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what was the Allied Air War?
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the allies had many planes bomb/destroy Germany's interior (mainly Dresden), destroyed 75% of Dresden
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when did Hitler kill himself, and why?
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April 30, 1945, the Soviet forces were moving in on Berlin
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when did 75,000 U.S. and Phillipine troops surrender to the Japanese?
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April of 1942
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what happened to the U.S. and Phillipine troops who surrendered, and what is it known as?
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the Japanese drove the captives over 100 miles, known as the Bataan Death March
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what happened to the troops on the Bataan Death March?
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thousands died, were brutally executed along the trail, many others died once they got to the prison camps
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what was significant about the Battle of Coral Sea?
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it was the first time that ships used aircraft also to drop bombs, aircraft carriers were invented
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what happened as a result of the Battle of Midway?
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the U.S. captured the island of Guadalcanal, where the Japanese were planning on building a huge air base
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who led the U.S. Marines in the invasion/taking over of Japanese islands?
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Chester Nimitz
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what famous statue came from the taking over of Japanese islands, and where was the site where the original event took place?
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"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima", famous statue of several marines raising the American flag on Mount Suribachi
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what did the Japanese resort to after the U.S. troops started to take over their Islands?
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suicide attacks, or "kamikaze" pilots who purposely flew their planes into the decks of allied ships
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what did Albert Einstien do in 1939?
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notified FDR of German advances in nuclear fission
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what did FDR do in response to Einstien's warning?
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created the Manhattan Project, highly secret group of scientist/physicist in New Mexico that created the A-bomb
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what happened at the Potsdam Conference?
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the U.S., Britain, and Soviet Union threatened Japan to either surrender or face "prompt and utter destruction"
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when was the first A-bomb dropped, and where?
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U.S. dropped the first A-bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
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what was the name of the B-29 bomber that dropped the first A-bomb, and how many people died?
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"Enola Gay", killed 50,000-100,000 people instantly
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when was the second A-bomb dropped, where, and how many people died?
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August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki, killing 36,000 instantly
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what happened on August 14, 1945?
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the Japanese announced their surrender
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when did the Japanese surrender become "formalized", and where?
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on September 2, 1945 the Japanese presented their formal surrender to General Douglas MacArthur on the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay
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what effect did the Japanese war have on women in the U.S.?
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women's roles became more important, took jobs of men who had to leave for war
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what was the name of the new icon for women?
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"Rosie the Rivetor"
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what happened to Japanese/Asian immigrants (mainly in CA) after the Japanese wars?
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they were shunned, forced into War Relocation Camps, were forced to sell homes and businesses
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what happened in the Holocaust?
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Germans murdered over 6 million Jews, and over 4 million Poles (Poland), Gypsies, communists, and homosexuals
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what were the two main camps/factories for mass execution during the Holocaust?
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Auschwitz and Buchenwald
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what were the Nuremburg Trials?
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after WWII, Nazi officials were tried, convicted, and executed for being guilty of the war crimes they commited in the Holocaust
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what country/nation was established as a result of the Nuremburg Trials, and what was the purpose of establishing it?
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Israel, was established as a haven for Jews, but the new land took up part of Palestine, so the Jews/Arabs have been at war on/off ever since
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what was the Cold War, and when did it take place?
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the 50 years of tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after WWII
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who was president during the main part of the Cold War?
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Harry Truman
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when was the United Nations created?
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1945-replaced the League of Nations
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what made the U.S. leary of the Soviet Union?
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communism (Stalin), and the Soviets had acquired much more land/territories than any other ally in WWII
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what was going on in Europe in 1947?
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Greece/Turkey, the Soviets were both looking to take over land in the Mediterranean, and to then gain access to the sea
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what did the Truman Doctrine do for the Greece/Turkey-Soviet issue?
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Congress gave millions in economic aid and supplies to stabilize both sides' governments
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what did the Marshall Plan do for the Greece/Turkey-Soviet issue? what was odd about one nation's response?
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gave more $ to the Soviets and other European nations to rebuild their economies (Russia declined the money, were suspicious of why the Americans were being so nice)
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what happened to Germany after WWII?
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it was divided by the Allies into East Germany (USSR), and West Germany (free), which divided up Berlin also
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what was the Berlin Airlift program?
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for a year, Truman had planes drop off food, coal, and other necessities to west Germany
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what did the Soviets eventually do in Germany/Berlin?
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lifted the blockade, but the two sides still remained seperate in their own ways
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what did the western nations form in 1949?
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the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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what did the Soviets do in response to the allied creation of NATO?
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they created their own "NATO", only called it the Warsaw Pact
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who won the presidential election of 1948?
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Truman, beat Republican Thomas Dewey
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what was Truman's plan for his new term?
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the Fair Deal plan, was basically FDR's New Deal policies carried on
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who led the communist rebels in China to take over the Chinese government in 1949?
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Mao Zedong
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what form of government was China under until 1949, and who was their leader when they were overthrown?
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nationalist form of government, led by Jiang Jieshi
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what did Jiang do after the Chinese government was overthrown by the communists?
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Jiang and his followers fled to Taiwan, created the Republic of China (hated by the mainland China still today)
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what did the Soviets do in 1950 that had the U.S. worried?
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did a test explosion, which showed that they potentially had the A-bomb as well now
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what did the U.S. do in response to the Soviets duplication of the A-bomb?
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Truman had scientists develop a more powerful hydrogen bomb
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who were the people convicted in the U.S. for espionage and treason?
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Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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how did the Rosenberg's die that was so controversial?
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both were executed by the electric chair, many questioned whether that was necessary
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who were the HUAC?
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group of people that conducted investigations for people suspected of treason or espionage
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what president was a member of the HUAC group?
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Richard Nixon
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who was the most publicised HUAC member?
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Joseph McCarthy, known for "McCarthyism", said he knew of several communists within the State Department
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when did the Korean War take place?
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1950-1953
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when and how did the Korean War start?
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June 25, 1950, North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea
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who led the American troops in Korea?
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General Douglas MacArthur, led 350,000 troops (other nations only had 50,000 at most)
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how did MacArthur end up getting fired?
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he wanted to go all the way up north and take control of all of Korea, but Truman said no, MacArthur started to anyway so Truman fired him, was afraid it would start WWIII
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who became president during the Korean War?
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Dwight Eisenhower (1952)
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what happened shortly after Eisenhower was elected?
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Josef Stalin died suddenly
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when did North and South Korea sign a truce?
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July 27, 1953
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who was Eisenhower's Vice President, and when was Eisenhower president?
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Richard Nixon was his VP, Eisenhower was president from 1953-1961
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when did the Baby Boom occur, and what effect did it have?
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1950's, it created a new demand for homes, and led to drive-in movie theaters and supermarkets
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why did suburbanization happen in the 1950's?
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automobiles were being mass produced, so they were cheaper allowing more people to own them, which also allowed people to live miles away from work, cities spread outward
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