Us History Eoc Review Flash Cards

Front 1

Fall of Saigon

Back 1

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken.

Front 2

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Back 2

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Front 3

John Rockefeller

Back 3

Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly. Reduced the price of oil-based products and saved the whales.

Front 4

Mikhail Gorbachev

Back 4

the last General secretary of the Soviet Union. He brought about massive economic, social, and political changes and helped bring an end to both the Soviet Union and the Cold War. His reforms included giving citizens the ability to freely voice their opinions (glasnost) and entirely restructuring the Soviet Union's economy (Perestroika).

Front 5

Gilded Age

Back 5

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics and growing gap between the rich and poor, Corruption

Front 6

Technological (Second Industrial) Revolution

Back 6

change in the economy based on steel, railroads, electricity, oil-based products

Front 7

Laissez-Faire

Back 7

Hands off. No government intervention in business.

Front 8

Bessemer Process

Back 8

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856.

Front 9

Entrepreneurship

Back 9

Accepting the risk of starting and running a business.

Front 10

Monopoly

Back 10

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Front 11

Andrew Carnegie

Back 11

A business man that increased his power through by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of steel production development.

Front 12

Robber Baron

Back 12

a negative term for business leaders during the Gilded Age that implied they built their fortunes by stealing from the public

Front 13

Knights of Labor

Back 13

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Front 14

Haymarket Massacre

Back 14

A strike for 8 hour work days at the ___________ square, where riots broke out in response to police brutality; a bomb was thrown at the police and the police started shooting at the crowd.

Front 15

American Federation of Labor

Back 15

A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the ONLY labor union that only accepted skilled workers

Front 16

Industrial Workers of the World

Back 16

A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905. Sometimes called Wobblies

Front 17

Homestead Act

Back 17

1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years

Front 18

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 18

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Front 19

Klondike Gold Rush

Back 19

A frenzy of immigration for gold prospecting, near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada after gold was discovered there in the late 19th century.

Front 20

Dawes Act

Back 20

1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans.

Front 21

Farm Issues

Back 21

Issues surrounding the production of agricultural products. The main issues were the high cost of transportation (caused railroad monopolies), low prices for products (caused by overproduction), and mortgaged land in order to buy seed and supplies.

Front 22

Populists

Back 22

Third party political movement to address farmers' plight.

Front 23

William Jennings Bryan

Back 23

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school.

Front 24

New Immigration

Back 24

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries and Asia arriving in the late 1800s.

Front 25

Jacob Riis

Back 25

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives" exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC.

Front 26

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 26

(1882) This act denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Front 27

Social Gospel

Back 27

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Front 28

Americanized

Back 28

Cause to acquire and conform to "American" characteristics; for Native Americans and Immigrants. They were being _________.

Front 29

Jane Addams

Back 29

The founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycare, and child care classes .

Front 30

Frances Willard

Back 30

Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor.

Front 31

Alfred T. Mahan

Back 31

Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

Front 32

Sanford B. Dole

Back 32

1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He asked US to annex Hawaii.

Front 33

Henry Cabot Lodge

Back 33

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Front 34

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 34

26th President of the United States, 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal.

Front 35

Yellow Journalism

Back 35

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Front 36

1898

Back 36

Year that the Spanish-American War took place.

Front 37

Causes of Spanish American War

Back 37

Yellow journalism, imperialism, Spain brutality to the Cubans, explosion of the USS Maine.

Front 38

Spanish American War

Back 38

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence.

Front 39

Result of Spanish American War

Back 39

Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the US. US became a World Power.

Front 40

Open Door Policy

Back 40

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Front 41

Imperialism

Back 41

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Front 42

Panama Canal

Back 42

A ship canal 40 miles long connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; built by the United States (1904-1914)

Front 43

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 43

Foreign Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies .

Front 44

Progressive Era

Back 44

Time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically.

Front 45

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Back 45

First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal.

Front 46

Progressive Party

Back 46

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party," this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance his ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912.

Front 47

Initiative Referendum Recall

Back 47

___________: people have the right to propose a new law.

______________: a law passed by the legislature can defer to the people for approval/veto.

_______: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office.

-All part of 17th Amendment.

Front 48

Upton Sinclair

Back 48

Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things he had seen.

Front 49

National Forest Service

Back 49

Government agency created by Theodore Roosevelt to preserve land and protect local animal species.

Front 50

Pure Food and Drug Act

Back 50

The act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs.

Front 51

Federal Reserve Act

Back 51

A 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply.

Front 52

16th Amendment

Back 52

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Front 53

17th Amendment

Back 53

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Front 54

18th Amendment

Back 54

This Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Front 55

19th Amendment

Back 55

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Front 56

Susan B. Anthony

Back 56

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens' rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation.

Front 57

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Back 57

Supreme court case that ruled that separate-but-equal facilities for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution.

Front 58

W.E.B Du Bois

Back 58

Believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly; founded the NAACP

Front 59

Ida B.Wells

Back 59

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores.

Front 60

Causes of WWI

Back 60

1. A system of alliances divide Europe into two parts 2. Nationalism was very prevalent in the countries of Europe 3. Militarism or reliance on military strength 4. Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa 5. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Black Hand... What do these events have in common?

Front 61

1914-1918

Back 61

The years that World War I was fought.

Front 62

US Reasons forEntry into WWI

Back 62

(poke) 1915: Lusitania sunk by Germans; killed 125 Americans.

(poke) 1917: Zimmerman telegram

(punch) 1917: Unrestricted submarine warfare

Front 63

Lusitania

Back 63

In 1915, sunk by Germans (killed 125 Americans) -President Wilson sent ultimatum to Germans (you don't change your ways with subs, we're your enemies) -Germans did change, but reverted back to their ways in 1917. Name the ship.

Front 64

Zimmerman telegram

Back 64

Created by Germans to provoke a war between Mexico and US to distract them in 1917; it was the trigger; then US declared war on Germany.

Front 65

Selective Service Act

Back 65

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft.

Front 66

Trench Warfare

Back 66

Fighting with dug-in positions, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Front 67

General John J. Pershing

Back 67

General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI.

Front 68

Battle of Argonne Forest

Back 68

1 million American soldiers fought in the final Allied offensive. Heavy German fire killed more than 100,000 Americans, but in the end, the Allies were victorious. Name the battle.

Front 69

Alvin York

Back 69

Killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom in WWI.

Front 70

WWI Technology

Back 70

Airplanes, poisonous gas, tanks, machine guns, zeppelins, flamethrowers, barbed wire, submarines... What do these things have in common?

Front 71

Fourteen Points

Back 71

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Front 72

Treaty of Versailles

Back 72

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.

Front 73

League of Nations

Back 73

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Front 74

Great Migration

Back 74

Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920.

Front 75

Propaganda

Back 75

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Front 76

Sedition Act

Back 76

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government.

Front 77

Women in WWI

Back 77

Nurses, cooked meals for soldiers, work in factories, made clothes for soldiers, and made hospital supplies.

Front 78

Isolationism

Back 78

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs.

Front 79

Red Scare

Back 79

A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals" incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities.

Front 80

Palmer Raids

Back 80

A 1920 operation coordinated by the attorney general in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities.

Front 81

Social Darwinism

Back 81

19th century belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.

Front 82

Eugenics

Back 82

This ideology/theory emphasized that human inequalities were inherited and warned against breeding the "inferior".

Front 83

Race Riots

Back 83

Migration of African Americans to Northern cities increased racial tensions. Conditions were no better in the North than in the South. This led to....

Front 84

KKK

Back 84

Organization started right after the Civil War to intimidate yankees and blacks in the South. Revived in the 1920s. Often violent and unlawful.

Front 85

Marcus Garvey

Back 85

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.

Front 86

American Indian Citizenship Act

Back 86

Law granted immediate U.S. citizenship to all Native American Indians born in the United States.

Front 87

Roaring Twenties

Back 87

Nickname for the 1920s because of the booming economy and fast pace of life during that era.

Front 88

Return to Normalcy

Back 88

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolationism. The US economy "boomed"; but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II... What phrased used by Harding described this trend?

Front 89

Henry Ford

Back 89

American businessman, founder of a motor company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Front 90

Assembly Line

Back 90

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Front 91

Glenn Curtiss

Back 91

Was an American aviation pioneer and founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation.

Front 92

Consumer Credit

Back 92

A type of financial credit granted by retailers that is used by individuals or families for satisfaction of their own wants

Front 93

Jazz

Back 93

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s.

Front 94

Harlem Renaissance

Back 94

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished.

Front 95

Prohibition

Back 95

The period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was not allowed in the United States by a constitutional amendment.

Front 96

Flapper

Back 96

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. They symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s.

Front 97

The Great Gatsby

Back 97

A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made American man and entrepreneur who rose from obscurity; was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Front 98

Scopes Monkey Trial

Back 98

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism.

Front 99

Clarence Darrow

Back 99

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when he questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Front 100

Tin Pan Alley

Back 100

Is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

Front 101

Charles Lindbergh

Back 101

Completed the first non- stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, traveling from New York to Paris.

Front 102

Causes of Great Depression

Back 102

Higher US tariffs, Overproduction of food, buying on margin, market speculation, stock market crash, bank failures. What do these terms have in common?

Front 103

Hooverville

Back 103

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress.

Front 104

1929

Back 104

Great Depression begins/Stock Market Crash. Name that year.

Front 105

Dust Bowl

Back 105

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Front 106

President Harding

Back 106

This president promised a "return to normalcy" when he was elected. His administration was full of scandal and corruption, including the Teapot Dome scandal.

Front 107

Teapot Dome

Back 107

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money.

Front 108

President Coolidge

Back 108

He became president after Harding died in office. He fired those involved in the scandals; increased government support of business and encouraged a continuation and expansion of Harding's policies.

Front 109

President Hoover

Back 109

The president who was in office when the Great Depression started. He believed that if the government got involved it would only make the depression worse.

Front 110

Franklin Roosevelt

Back 110

President from 1933 - 1945. HE established the Civilian Conservation Corps, which employed more than 175,000 men to plant trees, make paths and roads in national parks and forests, build dams to control flooding, and perform other activities to protect natural resources. Created the New Deal. Led United States during WWII.

Front 111

New Deal

Back 111

A plan by President Franklin Roosevelt intended to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms to the country after the Great Depression.

Front 112

Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Back 112

Serves as a govt watchdog over the nations stock markets.

Front 113

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Back 113

This agency provides govt insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount.

Front 114

Social Security Administration (SSA)

Back 114

A branch of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services which provides benefits for retirement. Insurance, disability, health insurance, and death.

Front 115

Work Progress Administration (WPA)

Back 115

Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting.

Front 116

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Back 116

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Front 117

Court Packing

Back 117

Attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the New Deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal angry.

Front 118

Eleanor Roosevelt

Back 118

FDR's wife. Traveled, spoke and wrote for new deal; reshaped First Lady's role. Also fought for civil rights.

Front 119

Hideki Tojo

Back 119

Invaded China in 1937. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor. Military leader of japan during WWII.

Front 120

Benito Mussolini

Back 120

Fascist dictator of Italy. He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia and joined Germany in World War II.

Front 121

Adolf Hitler

Back 121

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, invaded Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Led the Nazis during WWII and instituted the final solution (holocaust).

Front 122

Appeasement

Back 122

British policy that granted Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) in order to avoid war.

Front 123

Lend Lease Act

Back 123

Law passed after the fall of Britain during WWII; allowed the U.S. to loan munitions to Allies in WWII; kept U.S. boys at home.

Front 124

Pearl Harbor

Back 124

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in _______________.

Front 125

1939-1945

Back 125

The years of World War II, which began with the German invasion of Poland and ended with the U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Front 126

Office of War Information

Back 126

Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort during WWII.

Front 127

Victory Gardens

Back 127

Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort during WWII.

Front 128

War Bonds

Back 128

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the World War II.

Front 129

Rosie the Riviter

Back 129

Name given to a fictitious woman who served as a patriotic woman who helped the war effort by working in factories.

Front 130

Executive Order 9066

Back 130

112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses. What was the name of the order initiated by Roosevelt?

Front 131

German-Soviet Non Aggression Pact

Back 131

An agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east.

Front 132

blitzkrieg

Back 132

"Lighting war" typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939.

Front 133

Winston Churchill

Back 133

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Front 134

D-Day

Back 134

June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France.

Front 135

Concentration Camp

Back 135

As Allies advanced, Holocaust came to light; Hitler's racist "final solution"... what was the name of the areas where the Jews were held?

Front 136

George Marshall

Back 136

United States secretary of state during WWII. Formulated a program providing economic aid to European countries after World War II. The plan bearing his name provided massive American economic assistance to help Europe recover from the war.

Front 137

Dwight Eisenhower

Back 137

Top Allied commander in Europe supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Later 34th president.

Front 138

Omar Bradley

Back 138

Commander of all U.S. ground forces on D-Day, he commanded the U.S. forces in the liberation of France and the invasion of Germany in World War II.

Front 139

George Patton

Back 139

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history. "Old Blood and Guts".

Front 140

Vernon J. Baker

Back 140

Awarded Medal of Honor in 1997 for heroic acts in Italy in 1945.

Front 141

Tuskegee Airmen

Back 141

All black unit of fighter pilots during WWII. Trained in Alabama. Won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot.

Front 142

Japanese Expansion

Back 142

Japanese need of raw materials, show power to larger countries, so they attack other countries.

Front 143

Flying Tigers

Back 143

American pilots who volunteered to fight for China.

Front 144

Bataan Death March

Back 144

Japanese forced about 60,000 of Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way.

Front 145

Battle of Midway

Back 145

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific.

Front 146

Island Hopping

Back 146

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others.

Front 147

Kamikaze

Back 147

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Front 148

Atomic Bomb

Back 148

Weapon dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities.

Front 149

Manhattan Project

Back 149

Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II.

Front 150

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Back 150

Nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman. Name the two cities bombed.

Front 151

Douglas MacArthur

Back 151

Army commander in Pacific; at Bataan "I shall return" retook Philippines and led rebuilding after WWII.

Front 152

Chester A Nimitz

Back 152

Navy commander (coral sea, Midway, Solomon Island, Philippine Sea); Pacific theater.

Front 153

Navajo Code Talkers

Back 153

This group of Native Americans from the _________ tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher. Name the group.

Front 154

Harry S. Truman

Back 154

Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan.

Front 155

Potsdam Conference

Back 155

The final wartime meeting of Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe, but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Front 156

Arms Race

Back 156

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective militaries and weapons.

Front 157

Communist Revolution in China

Back 157

A revolution led by Mao Zedong and the Red Guards whose focus was to establish a society in which all people were equal, also called the Cultural Revolution.

Front 158

Venona Papers

Back 158

These documents revealed the identities of several American spies.

Front 159

House Un-American Activities Committee

Back 159

Committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War.

Front 160

McCarthyism

Back 160

The term associated with the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through the leadership of a prominent senator and the House of Un-American Activities Committee.

Front 161

Space Race

Back 161

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

Front 162

1957

Back 162

Sputnik launched; starts the Space Race. Name that year?

Front 163

Truman Doctrine

Back 163

American policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey. Known as the....???

Front 164

Marshall Plan

Back 164

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Front 165

Berlin Airlift

Back 165

1948 - supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin.

Front 166

North Atlantic Trade Agreement (NATO)

Back 166

International Organization set up in 1949 to provide for the defense of western European countries and the United States from the perceived Soviet threat.

Front 167

Korean War

Back 167

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Front 168

Containment

Back 168

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.

Front 169

Limited War

Back 169

A war fought to achieve a restrained objective with minimal resources; example: containing communism (Vietnam).

Front 170

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 170

In October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

Front 171

GI Bill

Back 171

Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations.

Front 172

Baby Boom

Back 172

30 million babies were born between 1942 and 1950. Associated with soldiers returning from World War II. Known as the ___________?

Front 173

White Flight

Back 173

Working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs... name this phenomena.

Front 174

Sun Belt

Back 174

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

Front 175

Suburbs

Back 175

Areas of living outside the cities where middle-class families went to live to escape the city.

Front 176

Polio Vaccine

Back 176

(1955) Created by Dr. Jonas Salk; worked by introducing killed or weak pieces of a virus to allow body to develop antibodies thus preventing this disease.

Front 177

Billy Graham

Back 177

An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war.

Front 178

In God we Trust

Back 178

A phrase that Congress made mandatory on all American currency in 1954, inspired by Eisenhower's patriotic crusade to bring Americans back to God.

Front 179

Beat Generation

Back 179

Group of writers of the 1950s, led by Kerouac, focusing on alienation, non-conformity, and anti-materialism.

Front 180

13th Amendment

Back 180

Abolished Slavery in all US territories.

Front 181

14th Amendment

Back 181

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws.

Front 182

15th Amendment

Back 182

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude.

Front 183

Mendez vs. Westminster

Back 183

Federal court case that challenged racial segregation in California schools. In its ruling, the U.S. Court of Appeals held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican-American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional.

Front 184

Delgado vs. Bastrop

Back 184

1948-Parents of Mexican American students in Texas sued on the premise that "Separate but Equal" was created to segregate White and Black student, not Mexican-American. The decision stated that segregation was illegal for Mexican-Americans.

Front 185

Executive Order 9981

Back 185

President Truman desegregated US military.

Front 186

Sweatt vs. Painter

Back 186

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.

Front 187

Hernandez vs. Texas

Back 187

Argued that mexican-American could not get a fair trial because no Mexican-Americans were allowed on the jury; supreme court agreed.

Front 188

Brown vs. Board of Education

Back 188

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

Front 189

1957 Civil Rights Act

Back 189

A bipartisan commission established by President Eisenhower to investigate if certain citizens were being deprived the right to vote.

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1964 Civil Rights Act

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This act prohibited discrimination because of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin by employers or labor unions.

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24th Amendment

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Abolishes poll taxes.

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1965 Voting Rights Act

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Ended literacy tests and poll taxes; allowed officers to register voters.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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Founded Feb. 12. 1909 by Ida B. Wells and W.E.B. Dubois, is the nation's oldest, largest and most widely recognized grassroots-based civil rights organization. Believed in using the legal system to drive change.

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Thurgood Marshall

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American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

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Rosa Parks

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United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

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In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus. Afterwards, Dr. Martin L. King led this event. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. The event's name?

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Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Non-violent civil rights leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

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1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means.

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March on Washington

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Held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally. Its name?

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Orval Faubus

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Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order.

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George Wallace

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Racist Gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism, law, and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972, but gets shot.

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Lester Maddox

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This racist restaurant owner closed his restaurant rather than integrate. He eventually became governor and hired more blacks to office than all prior governors combined.

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Malcolm X

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Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assassinated in 1965.

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Black Panthers

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A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

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Assassination of MLK

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April 4, 1968 - This happened to a prominent civil rights leader on a hotel balcony in Memphis -- rocked nonviolent campaign, resulted in violent riots.

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League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

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Organization fought to desegregate schools, public facilities, and housing in Southern California and the Southwest; fought for Hispanic rights.

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Hector P. Garcia

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Founded the American GI Forum to help minority veterans obtain the same benefits other veterans received.

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Edgewood ISD vs. Kirby

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Court case historically established the inequity found in the money available to local schools in Texas.

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Cesar Chavez

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1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

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Dolores Huerta

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Taught farmworkers how to become citizens and how to vote; earned more money to buy food and clothing for them; worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association.

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Chicano Mural Movement

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Began in the 1960s in Mexican-American barrios throughout the Southwest. Artists began using the walls of city buildings, housing projects, schools, and churches to depict Mexican-American culture.

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Betty Friedan

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1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

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National Organization for Women (NOW)

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Founded in 1966, the ____________ __________ ___ ____________ called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women.

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American Indian Movement (AIM)

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Led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre.

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Great Society

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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the _______ _______. In 1965, Congress passed many _______ _______ measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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Affirmative Action

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A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

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Title IX

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Provision of the Educational Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions receiving federal funds from discriminating against female students.

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Tinker vs. Des Moines

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Supreme Court case that stated that students do not lose their freedom of speech rights in high school. The plaintiff wore black arm bands to protest the Vietnam War.

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Wisconsin vs. Yoder

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Court case where the court decided that Amish families are required to send their kids to school to 8th grade, but not after.

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Domino Theory

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A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

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Ho Chi Minh

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1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; strategy drew out war and made it too costly for American public.

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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The resolution passed by Congress in 1964 giving President Lyndon Johnson board powers to expand the U.S. role in Vietnam.

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Tet Offensive

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1968; North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment.

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26th Amendment

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Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

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1969 Moon Landing

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Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first men to accomplish this for the United States.

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Detente

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A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

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Watergate Scandal

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The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment. Ford becomes president.

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Cold War

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A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield, but threatened each other's national security for nearly 50 years.

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Oil Crisis / Stagflation / Malaise

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Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations.

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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and "saving" the environment.

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Sam Walton

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The most successful discount retailer and the founder of Wal-Mart.

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Estee Lauder

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American beautician and business woman who began her cosmetics business with a face cream designed by her uncle, and then got her products into all leading department stores.

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Ronald Reagan

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President from 1980 and 1988; Republican; reduce reliance on government; Economics: supply-side, laissez-faire, send troops to Grenada, escalated the Cold War: "rollback" of communism, Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars); War on Drugs, Iran-Contra affair, second term-ended cold war (tear down this wall" (Berlin Wall))

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Heritage Foundation

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Conservative American think tank in Washington D.C to promote conservative public policies. Believed in free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional american values and a strong national defense.

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Sandra Day O'Connor

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Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.

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Phylis Schlafly

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She is known for her opposition to feminist ideas and for her ongoing campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment. She believed the Equal Rights Amendment was bad because there were obvious differences between men and women that should be recognized.

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Reaganomics

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These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. Named after the president who implemented them.

Front 238

Iran-Contra Affair

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This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the rebels in Nicaragua.

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Persian Gulf War

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(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States; coalition emerging victorious.

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9/11 (2001)

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Terrorist attacks that occurred on this date, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed 4 commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the World Trade Center in New York City; one plane crashed into the Pentagon; and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania.

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USA Patriot Act

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This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Controversial for the power it grants the government.

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Afghanistan War

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Fighting in this country(2001-Present) to find/kill Osama Bin Laden, destroy Al Qaeda, remove the Taliban from power and; help build a democracy in the Middle East.

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Iraq War

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Fighting in this country from 2003 to 2014 that consisted of two phases; an invasion force led by the United States and a phase of fighting in which an insurgency emerged to oppose coalition forces. Resulted in the hanging of Saddam Hussein and the eventual rise of ISIS.

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1992 Election

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Election year? Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of economy and problems of middle class (Clinton)

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Bill Clinton

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President from 1992 to 2000; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress. Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

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2000 Election

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This election came down to the state of Florida, between George W. Bush and Al Gore. George Bush won the Presidency by a Supreme Court vote.

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Hurricane Katrina

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Considered to be the one of the dark spots of the Bush administration, it destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.

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George W. Bush

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President from 2000 to 2008; Republican; 9/11 terrorist attack invade Afghanistan and Iraq; economy: huge tax cuts, 2007-great recession; No Child Left Behind, Medicare prescription drug benefits, Hurricane Katrina disaster

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2008 Election

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The election was the first in which an African American was elected President, and the first time a Roman Catholic was elected Vice President (Joe Biden, then-U.S. Senator from Delaware).

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Barack Obama

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2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; Economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession; removed troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; Benghazi attacks; IRS scandal;

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Sonia Sotomayor

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Appointed by President Obama in 2009, first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice.

Front 252

Oprah Winfrey

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Born January 29, 1954. Television host, philanthropist, producer, and actress; first black female billionaire.

Front 253

1968

Back 253

MLK was assassinated; Robert F. Kennedy assassinated in what year?

Front 254

1969

Back 254

United States lands on the moon in what year?

Front 255

1991

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Cold War Ends in what year?

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2001

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Terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon in what year?

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2008

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Election of first 'black' president in what year?