Us History - Chapter 8 America Secceds From The Empire 1775,1783

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Admiral de Grasse  

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French General who Joined the Americans in an assault on Cornwallis at Chesapeak bay inYorktown.
-Admiral de Grasse operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies and offered to help the Americans when Cornwallis was at Ches Bay waiting for his british goods/amunitions, etc.
-He advised America he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Ches Bay in Yorktown.
-Rochambeau's French army and Washington's army defended British by land and Admiral de Grasse blockaded them by sea.  
Battle of Yorktown - final battle

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Anglican

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The church body most closely linked with Tory sentiment, except in Virgina

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Armed Neutrality

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Term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain

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Arsenal

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A place for making or storing weapons and ammunition.

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Barry St. Leger  

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_____ was a British officer in the American Revolutionary War.
-He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777.
-Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, ______ was halted by American military.  

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Benedict Arnold  

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He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776).
-He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga.
-Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.  

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Blockade  

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A naval maneuver that involves barring entry or exit from a port or harbor.  

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Bunker Hill

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Seized by colonists in June 1775 from which they menaced the enemy in Boston

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Canada (Quebec)

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The British colony that Americans invaded in hopes of adding it to the rebellious thirteen

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Charles Cornwallis  

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British general who fought in the Seven Years War,
-was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost a suprise battle by George Washington on December 26, 1776.
-And on January 2, 1777 he made his mark on history by confronting Washington's Army again.  

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Charleston

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Colonial city captured that was crippling

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Civilian  

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A citizen not in military service.A member of a country who is not a leader, soldier, or member of the government; the average-joe.  

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Common Sense  

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Common Sense is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776.
- It presented the American colonists with a powerful argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided.  
-The inflammatory pamplet demanded independence and heaped scorn on "the Royal Brute of Great Britain"

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Comte de Rochambeau  

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Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.  

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Confiscate  

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To seize property for public use, often as a penalty, and usually with authority of the government, often because the confiscated object is contraband.  

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Declaration of Independence  

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Formally approved by the "Continental Congress" on July 4, 1776. It announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire.  

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Dictatorship  

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An autocratic form of government where one leader controls all national, international, and political affairs of a country. Often, said leader rules through military force.  

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Envoy  

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A representative of a government who is sent on a special diplomatic mission. Ex. Benjamin Franklin acted as an envoy for America to France.  

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Falmouth, Maine

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Burned by the British in October of 1775

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George Rogers Clark  

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Frontiersman; led the seizing of 3 British forts (Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes) in 1777; led to the British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the United States.  

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George Washington  

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Chosen by fellow delegates to head the continental army.
- He pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed (1754) by the French.
-He was the commander of Virginia's frontier troops as a colonel.
-Left the army in 1758. Also the first President of the United States.  

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Graft  

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Political corruption  (Taking advantage of one's official position to gain money or property by illegal means.)

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Hereditary

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Passed down from generation to generation.

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Hessians

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American slang for the German troops under British command

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Holland

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The other European nation besides France and Spain that supported the American Revolution by declaring war on Britain

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Horatio Gates  

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______ started in the English army and worked his way up through the ranks. Later during the revolution he turned sides and was appointed to take charge of the Continental army of the North.  

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Hudson

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The river valley that was the focus of Britain's early military strategy and the scene of Burgoyne's Surrender at Saratoga in 1777

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II Continental Congress

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The body that chose George Washington commander of the Continental Army

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Indictment  

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A formal accusation that a person or persons has committed a crime or misdemeanor  

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Isolationist  

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A person who believes their government should remain out of national affairs concerning other countries.  (especially through alliances or wars._)

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John Burgoyne  

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A British general that submitted a plan for invading New York state by pushing down the Lake Champlain route from Canada in order to capture the Hudson River valley from the colonists.
- He was then given charge of the army. Though defeated, he advanced troops near Lake Champlain to near Albany.
-He surrendered at Saratoga on Oct. 17, 1777.  

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John Jay  

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- was the First Chief Justice of the United States, and an American statesman and jurist.
-President of the Continental Congress,
-he also helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris w/ Great Britain.
-Then serving as governor of New York.  

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John Paul Jones  

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The commander of one of America's ships; daring, hard-fighting young Scotsman; helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777; brought war into the water of the British seas.  

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loyalist  

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A colonist who remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution.  Also called American Tories

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Marquis de Lafayette  

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A wealthy French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army, got commission on part of his family.  

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Mercenaries  

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A mercenary is a person hired for service in the army of a foreign country. For example, in the late 1760's George III hired soldiers to fight in the British army against Americans.  

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Militiamen

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The irregular American troops who played a crucial role in swaying the neutral civilian population toward the Patriot cause

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Mississippi River

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The western boundary of the United States established in the Treaty of Paris

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Nathanael Greene  

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A colonial general who fought the English in the late eighteenth century
-- used fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue for miles.
-Historical Significance: Cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.  

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Natural Rights Theory  

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The theory that people are born with certain "natural rights." Some say these rights are anything people do in the pursuit of liberty--as long as the rights of others are not impeded.  

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Neutral  

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Not taking part or giving assistance to either side in a conflict or war. See Switzerland.  

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Norfolk, Virginia

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Burned by the British in January 1776

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Olive Branch Petition

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Professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities

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Patrick Henry  

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-was a fiery lawyer during revolutionary War times.
-Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775.  

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Patriots

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American rebels

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Privateer

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A private vessel temporary authorized to capture or plunder enemy ships in wartime.

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Privateering  

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Privateers

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"Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping.
- They were privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping.
-There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit.  

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Rabble  

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A disorganized mob or similarly violent and dissatisfied group of people.  

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Republic

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Type of society where power flows from the people themselves

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Richard Henry Lee  

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_______ was a member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Indepedence.  

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Richard Montgomery

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General who pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal, Canada

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Saratoga

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- One of the most cristical battles of the Revol. War
-Battle in which Burgoyne arrived to fight but part of his troops didnt show up. he was tired and weary and had to surrender his entire command on October 17, - 1777 to American general Horatio Gates.
-turning pt in war b/c 1) gave a HUGE morale boost to american morale and 2) cinvinced France to aid AMericans b/c they were able to see that they actually had a chance to win the war

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Second Continental Congress

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Group of delegates who met in Philadelphia to continue addressing colonial grievances to the king and Parliament; drafted new appeals to the British people and king. Also adopted measures to raise money and create an army and navy

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South

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The region that saw some of the Revolution's most bitter fighting, from 1780 to 1782, between American General Greene and British General Cornwallis

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Thomas Jefferson  

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_____ was a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America. He did all these things before, during, and after the Revolutionary war.  

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Thomas Paine  

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A passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. Paine had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England.  

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Traitor  

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Someone who switches allegiance in a political or military conflict, often supplying the other side with a valuable advantage or information. See Benedict Arnold.  

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Treaty of Fort Stanwix

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First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation

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Treaty of Paris of 1783  

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The British acknowleded the 13 colonies to be free, sovereign and independent States, and agreed that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, propriety, and territorial rights of the american states.

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Whigs

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Name given to party of patriots in American resisting England and fighting for independence.
-Also name given to some Brits that opposed the government there and were usually proamerican

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William Howe  

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English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should attacked Gorge Washington's troops, he did not. His failure to do so is generally considered to be the greatest missed opportunity of the war.  

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JOSEPH BRANT

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chief Nowack Indian who supported the brits
-"Monster Brant"
- attacked Pennsylvania nad NY
-was forced to sign treaty of Stanwix

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DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN

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-

Front 65

BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND

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George Washington was overpowered by British and pushed out of Long Island (he went to Penn)

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BATTLE OF TRENTON

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after Long Island, G Washington went and surprised the brits and hessians at Trenton
- 1st american victory
- needed to increase morale
- key battle

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BATTLE OF YORKTOWN

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-final major battle in War of Revol
- The French assisted the Americans in cornering Cornwallis at Chesapeak Bay where he was awaiting Brit ships who were bringing him supplies and food.
- General Admiral de GRasse helped by water and Rochambeau helped Washington by land..
Cornwallis had to surrender b/c he was cornered

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MODEL TREATY -1776

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Sample treaty drafted by American Congress in 1776 as a guide for the american envoys. It said that they wanted ONLY commercial alliances and not political or war-like alliances...

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ETHAN ALLEN

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he lead the american troops in 1775 and captured Ticonderoga (upper NY)