Us History Chapter 6 & 8 Vocab

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Ellis Island

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The Island where most European immigrants to the U.S. entered the country.

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Angel Island

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The island where Asian immigrants would enter the country, and were held while the Chinese Exclusion act was in place.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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A law, passed in 1882, which barred Chinese immigration for 10 years, and prevented the Chinese people already in the country from becoming citizens.

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Political Machines

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An informal political group designed to gain and keep power.

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Boss Tweed

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The leader of the New York City Democratic political machine

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Social Darwinism

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The belief that companies should be allowed to compete completely freely, because this will promote the "survival of the fittest" among businesses.

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Individualism

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The belief that no matter how humble your origins, you can succeed and go as far as your talents and commitment will take you.

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Philanthropy

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The practice of more successful people using their wealth to create conditions that would allow less successful people to succeed.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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A law, enacted in 1890, which had been intended to ban trusts, but was worded too vaguely to be effective.

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Settlement House

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Charity centers where the poor could go to receive housing, food, education, and other services with no cost

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Americanization

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The process of teaching immigrant children about American culture and beliefs.

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Black Republican

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A belief that spread rapidly through the South, which stated that if poor whites united with African Americans in the Populist Party, the African Americans would have more of a say in everything.

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Segregation

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The policy of forcing white people and African Americans to use separate facilities, with the African American facilities often being inferior to the white facilities.

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Jim Crow Laws

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Laws in the South that enforced discrimination

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Ethnic groups

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Neighborhoods separated by race

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Nativism

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An extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people

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Rural

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Agricultural, having to do with farming

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Graft

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Getting money through dishonest or questionable means

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Gilded Age

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The era in American history from 1870 to 1900, during which technology advanced, but the gap between the rich and the poor widened

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Evolution

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Charles Darwin's theory that over time, species diversified based upon "survival of the fittest"

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Gospel of Wealth

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The belief that wealthy Americans should engage in philanthropy, and create the conditions necessary for less fortunate people to help themselves.

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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A government commission created to help regulate interstate commerce. It wasn't very effective though, because it had to rely on the courts to enforce its rulings.

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Social Gospel

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A social movement which worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice.

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Jane Adams

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A social reformer who opened the famous settlement house Hull House in Chicago in 1889.

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Exodusters

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The many African Americans who left the South and headed to the West in the mid-1870s, in the hope of better lives.

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Poll Tax

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A tax enacted by Southern states, meant to keep African Americans, who were mostly impoverished, from voting.

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Discrimination

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Different treatment or preference based on something other than an individual's merit

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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A controversial Supreme Court case which said that discrimination was legal, and established the "separate but equal" policies.

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Progressivism

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A social movement that strived to solve problems such as poverty and child labor

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Jacob Riis

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A muckraker who published photographs and descriptions of the poverty, disease, and crime that afflicted many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City

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Direct primary

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A vote held by all members of a political party to determine their candidate for office.

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Referendum

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The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by legislature.

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17th Amendment

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An amendment added to the Constitution in 1913 which requires the direct election of senators by the people of their state.

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Upton Sinclair

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The muckraking author of The Jungle, a book about the conditions in the meatpacking industry.

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Pure Food and Drug Act

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A law passed in 1906, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs.

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Federal Trade Commission

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A commission created by Congress in the summer of 1914, which monitored American Business and had the power to investigate and issue "cease and desist" orders to companies engaging in unfair trade practices.

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Muckrakers

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Journalist who informed the public about conditions that they thought needed to be changed, like unfair business practices and poverty.

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The Principles of Scientific Management

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A book published by Frederick W. Taylor in 1911, which described how a company could increase efficiency by managing time, breaking down tasks into small parts, and using standardized tools.

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Initiative

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A political reform that allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it.

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Recall

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A political reform which provided voters an option to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office before his or her term had expired.

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Suffrage

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The right to vote

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Arbitration

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A settlement negotiated by an outside party

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Meat Inspection Act

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A law passed in 1906, which required federal inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce and required the Agriculture Department to set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants

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Federal Reserve Act

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A law passed in 1913 which created 12 regional banks to be supervised by a Boar of Governors appointed by the president. Allowed national supervision of the banking system.

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NAACP

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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Founded in 1909, by W. E. B. Du Bois and others, to help advance the civil rights movement.