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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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On Jan. 22, 1917, Wilson delivered one of his most moving addresses, realistically declaring that only a negotiated _____ would prove durable.
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"peace without victory"
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On Jan. 31, 1917, Germany declared _____, that it would sink all ships, including America's, in the war zone.
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unlimited submarine warfare
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By doing this, the Germans were jerking viciously at the _____.
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Sussex string
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Wilson stopped diplomatic relations with Germany, but wouldn't go to war unless Germany committed _____.
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"overt actions"
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On March 1, 1917, America intercepted and published the _____, sent from the German _____ to the country of _____, promising to help it regain _____, _____, and _____.
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Zimmerman; foreign secretary; Mexico; Texas; New Mexico; Arizona
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Munition makers and Wall Street bankers in America might well have made their slogan _____.
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"Neutrality Forever"
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In a figurative sense, America's war declaration of April 6, 1917 bore the unambiguous trademark _____.
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"Made in Germany"
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_____ senators and _____ representatives voted against war.
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6 senators; 50 reps.
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This representative, the first congresswoman, voted against the war. She was from the state of _____.
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Jeannette Rankin; Montana
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Wilson rallied support for the war by calling it _____ and _____.
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"a war to end war"; "a war to make the world safe for democracy"
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On January 8, 1918, Wilson gave his famed _____ to an enthusiastic Congress.
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Fourteen Points Address
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What were the first 5 of the Fourteen Points?
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1. abolish secret treaties (good for liberals everywhere); 2. freedom of the seas (good for Germans and British-fearing Americans); 3. removal of economic barriers (good for revenge-fearing Germany); 4. reduction of armament burdens; 5. adjustment of colonial claims (good for anti-imperialists)
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Other two important points of the Fourteen Points dealt with _____ and _____.
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self-determination; the League of Nations
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The self-determination part was particularly appealing to the _____, who lay under the heel of _____ and _____.
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Poles; Germany; Austria-Hungary
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Hard-nosed Republicans sneered at the Fourteen Points as the _____ of _____.
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fourteen commandments; God Almighty Wilson
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For the purpose of mobilizing the mind for war, both in America and abroad, Wilson created the _____ headed by the young journalist _____.
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Committee on Public Information; George Creel
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This committee employed _____ workers at home and overseas, including an army of _____ _____ who delivered countless speeches containing much _____.
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150,000; 75,000; "four-minute men"; patriotic pep
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Propaganda took many forms, but name some methods used.
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posters; leaflets; pamphlets; booklets; movies; songs
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Posters were splashed on billboards in the _____.
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"Battle of the Fences"
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Three such anti-German movies that were created were:
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The Kaiser; Beast of Berlin; To Hell with the Kaiser
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One of the most memorable songs of this "singingest" war was _____ by _____.
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"Over There"; George M. Cohan
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There were about _____ German-Americans in the US out of a total population of about _____. One German Socialist was lynched by a drunken mob in the state of _____.
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8 million; 100 million; Illinois
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Orchestras found it unsafe to present German-composed music, like that of _____ and _____.
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Wagner; Beethoven
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This food was renamed to this. This other food was renamed to this.
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sauerkraut --> liberty cabbage
hamburger --> liberty steak |
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These two acts reflected fears of Germans and antiwar Americans.
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Espionage Act of 1917
Sedition Act of 1918 |
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About _____ prosecutions were undertaken under these laws, many for antiwar Socialists and members of the radical union called the _____.
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1,900; Industrial Workers of the World (IWWs)
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One Socialist, _____, was convicted under the _____ and sentenced to _____ years in a federal penitentiary. He was pardoned by _____ in the year _____.
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Eugene V. Debs; Espionage Act of 1917; 10; President Harding; 1921
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Wilson took a number of measures before the war that now helped. 1) He had created the _____ in 1915 to study problems of economic mobilization. 2) He launched a _____. 3) He endorsed a increase in the size of the army.
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Council of National Defense; shipbuilding program
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In March 1918, late in the war, Wilson appointed _____ to head the _____, a group that never had more than feeble formal powers and was disbanded within days after the armistice.
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Bernard Baruch; War Industries Board
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Perspiring workers were urged to put forth their best efforts, spurred by the slogan, "_____."
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Labor Will Win the War
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Women were encouraged to enter industry and also agriculture, where they were called _____. Women were given suffrage under the _____.
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farmerettes; Nineteenth Amendment
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A _____ required all able-bodied males to be regularly employed in some useful occupation. This was issued by the _____ in 1918.
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"work or fight" rule; War Department
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Fortunately for the Allied cause, _____ and his powerful _____ gave loyal support to the war effort.
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Samuel Gompers; American Federation of Labor
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The _____ was established as the supreme court for labor disputes and with _____ as cochairman.
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National War Labor Board; William Howard Taft
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The IWWs were nicknamed the _____ and the _____.
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"I Won't Works"; "Wobblies"
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The _____ helped regulate the amount of food used in the US so that there would be enough for the war. It was headed by _____.
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Food Administration; Herbert C. Hoover
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While Europe used _____, the US relied on voluntary compliance to restrict the use of food.
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ration cards
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To save food for the war, the US declared _____ and _____, all on a voluntary basis. Children were urged to be _____ when eating apples.
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wheatless Wednesdays; meatless Tuesdays; patriotic to the core
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People were encouraged to plant their own food at home in so-called _____. The _____ passed in the year _____ banned the sale or manufacture of alcoholic beverages.
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"victory gardens"; Eighteenth Amendment; 1919
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Thanks to the Food Administration, farm production increased by _____ and food exports to the Allies _____ in volume.
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one-fourth; tripled
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The _____ encouraged Americans to save fuel with _____, _____, and _____.
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Fuel Administration; heatless Mondays; lightless nights; gasless Sundays
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The _____ sponsored huge parades and invoked slogans like _____ to promote _____ great _____, followed by a _____ in 1919. Together, these efforts netted the then-fantastic sum of about _____, or _____ of the current cost of the war to the US.
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Treasury Department; "Half the Hun"; 4; Liberty Loan drives; Victory Loan campaign; $21 billion; two-thirds
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The unfortunate German-American who could not display a Liberty Bond button might find his or her house bedaubed with _____. There was at least one case of a man signing for a bond with a _____ around his neck
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yellow paint; rope
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Following indescribable traffic snarls, the government took over the nation's railroads in _____. Enemy merchant vessels were seized and new ships were created, one of which was named _____.
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late 1917; Faith
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America's loans to the Allies during war finally totaled _____.
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nearly $10 billion
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A congressman from _____ deplored compulsion and said that there was "precious little difference between a conscript and a convict."
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Missouri
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Congress, after much debate, got around to passing conscription _____ after declaring war.
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six weeks
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The draft required the registration of males between the ages of _____ and _____.
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18; 45
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There were about _____ draft-dodgers and _____ conscientious objectors who were excused.
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337,000; 4,000
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Within a few drastic months, the army was increased from about _____ men to over _____. For the first time, women were admitted to the armed forces; some _____ to the navy and _____ to the marines.
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200,000; 4 million; 11,000; 269
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Americans soon made friends with French girls, or tried to, and one of the most sung-about women in history was the fabled _____.
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Mademoiselle from Armentieres
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The United States, hoping to keep stores of munitions from falling into German hands when Bolshevik Russia quit fighting, contributed some _____ troops to an Allied invasion of northern Russia at _____
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5,000; Archangel
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Wilson sent nearly _____ troops to _____ as part of an Allied expedition, which included more than _____ Japanese. He wanted to stop Japan from getting a stronghold there, to rescue some _____ marooned _____ troops, and to snatch military supplies from Bolshevik control.
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10,000; Siberia; 70,000; 45,000; Czechoslovak
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So serious was German's drive on the western front that the Allied nations for the first time united under a supreme allied commander, the quiet _____ from _____. His axiom was _____.
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Marshal Foch; France; "To make war is to attack"
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Late in _____ of the year _____, the Germans came within _____ miles of _____. Americans, numbering fewer than _____, were thrown into the breach at _____, right in the teeth of the German advance, the first significant engagement of US troops in a European war.
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May 1918; 40; Paris; 30,000; Chateau-Thierry
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By _____ of the year _____, _____ fought the Germans in the _____ that marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never effectively reversed.
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July; 1918; Marshal Foch; Second Battle of the Marne
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In _____ of the year _____, _____ American divisions (_____ men) joined _____ divisions from _____ to push the Germans from the _____ salient, a German dagger in France's flank.
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September; 1918; 9; 243,000; 4; France; St. Mihiel
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Americans got a chance at having a separate army when _____, nicknamed _____, was assigned a front of _____ miles stretching northwestward from the Swiss border to meet the French lines.
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John J. Pershing; "Black Jack" Pershing; 85
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Pershing's army undertook the _____ offensive, partly to cut the German railroad lines feeding the western front. This was the most titanic battle thus far in history, lasting _____ days, engaging _____ American troops with especially heavy fighting in the rugged _____, killing and wounding _____ (or _____ percent of Americans involved). _____, a member of an antiwar religious sect, became a hero when he single-handedly killed _____ Germans and captured _____ more.
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Meuse-Argonne; 47; 1.2 million; Argonne Forest; 120,000; 10 percent; Alvin C. York; 20; 132
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The US accepted Germany's surrender as long as they would get rid of their kaiser, who fled to _____ where he lived the remaining _____ years of his life.
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Holland; 23
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_____ was the time and date the Germans surrendered.
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November 11, 1918 11:00 AM?PM?
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_____ and _____ were the only two major battles the US fought, both in the last _____ months of the war.
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Meuse-Argonne; St. Mihiel; two
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General Pershing was a big user of supplies made by other Allies, and fewer than ____ of his artillery pieces were American-made.
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500
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During much of the war, the slogan had been _____. Wilson ended this with his campaigns in the _____, which returned a Congress controlled by the _____.
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"Politics is Adjourned"; 1918 midterm election; Republicans
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_____ from the state of _____was the obvious choice for chairman of the _____. He was an accomplished author and had been known as the _____.
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Henry Cabot Lodge; Massachusetts; Senate Committee on Foreign Relations; "scholar in politics"
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Nations met to discuss the peace at the _____. The nations that dominated the meeting were referred to as the _____.
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Paris Conference; Big Four
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List the member nations of the Big Four and their corresponding representatives.
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US- President Woodrow Wilson;
Italy- Premier Vittorio Orlando; Britain- Prime Minister David Lloyd George France- Premier Georges Clemenceau |
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France and Britain, thanks to Wilson, would not receive the conquered territory outright. In a compromise between naked imperialism and Wilsonian idealism, France would get _____ and Britain would get _____, but only as _____.
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Syria; Iraq; trustees of the League of Nations
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The Old World diplomats agreed to make the _____ an integral part of the final peace treaty.
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League Covenant
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Some of the people against the League were isolationists, like _____ of _____ and _____ of _____. They were known as _____ or _____.
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William Borah of Idaho; Hiram Johnson of California; "irreconcilables" or the "Battalion of Death"
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France desired two German areas. State them. The second place has lots of _____. In compromise, the _____ would be given to the League for _____ years, and the ______ would be signed in return, guaranteeing American and British aid if France were attacked by Germany again.
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Rhineland and Saar Valley; coal; Saar Basin; 15; Security Treaty
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Italy and _____ both wanted _____, a valuable seaport. This ended with the Italian delegates and the Italian public being not happy with Wilson.
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Yugoslavia; Fiume
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Japan wanted to keep two things. Name them. Japan got the islands under a League mandate and later used them to attack America. Wilson didn't want them to get the other place because it would violate the right to self-determination of _____ Chinese residents. Japan kept Germany's economic holdings in this place and pledged to return it to China later, causing _____ to say that Wilson _____.
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China's Shantung peninsula and Germany's islands in the Pacific; 30 million; Clemenceau; "talked like Jesus Christ and acted like Lloyd George"
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A careful analysis of the treaty that ended the war, the _____, shows that only _____ of the twenty-three original Wilsonian points and subsequent principles were fully honored.
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Treaty of Versailles; 4
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Opponents of the League called it the _____.
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"League of Notions"
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Liberals, like the editors of the _____ of _____ thought the Treaty of Versailles too harsh.
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New York Nation
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Lodge initially didn't hope to kill the treaty, just to _____ or _____ or _____ it so that Republicans would get credit for it. He wasted time by reading the _____-page treaty aloud to his Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
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"Americanize"; "Republicanize"; "Senatorialize"; 264
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Wilson had the disease of _____.
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neuritis
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Wilson went on a speech-making tour and was closely followed by _____ and _____.
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Borah and Johnson
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Wilson did not find support in the _____.
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Midwest
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Wilson found support in the _____ region and on the _____.
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Rocky Mountain region; Pacific Coast
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Wilson collapsed after a teary speech at _____.
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Pueblo, Colorado
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Wilson did not see his cabinet for _____.
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7 1/2 months
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Henry Cabot Lodge came up with fourteen amendments to the treaty, which are called the _____. Lodge and others were especially not happy with _____ of the League, which morally bound the US to aid any members victimized by external aggression.
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Lodge Reservations; Article X
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The Senate vote for the treaty the first time was _____.
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55 to 39
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About _____ of the Senate agreed to some form of the treaty. But they couldn't pass any one specific form.
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four-fifths
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The second Senate vote for the treaty lost with a vote of _____.
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49 (yeas) to 35 (nays)
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Isolationist Republicans jeeringly rewrote the 1916 slogan to read, _____.
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"He Kept Us Out of Peace"
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Wilson proposed to settle the treaty issue in the forthcoming presidential campaign in 1920 by appealing to the people for a _____.
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"solemn referendum"
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Republicans met in _____, in ____ of the _____, and chose _____ of _____ for President. They nominated _____ of _____ for the vice presidency.
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Chicago; Room 404; Hotel Blackstone; Warren G. Harding of Ohio; Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts
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Democrats met in _____ and nominated _____, _____ of _____. They chose _____, who was ______, for the vice presidency.
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San Francisco; James M. Cox; Governor of Ohio; Franklin D. Roosevelt; assistant navy secretary
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Harding chose a teeter-totter rather than a platform and supported a vague _____, A league, not THE League.
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Association of Nations
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_____ received the largest vote ever for the left-wing Socialist party. While in jail in this election of _____, he got almost _____ votes.
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Eugene V. Debs; 1920; 1 million
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Harding, in his campaign, promised a _____.
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return to normalcy
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