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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
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“Dollar Diplomacy”
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~ adopted by President William Taft and Secretary of State Philander Knox
~ this policy sought to promote U.S. financial and business interets abroad ~ it aimed to replace military alliances with economic ties, with the idea of increasing American influence and securing lasting peace ~ this policy worked mostly in Latin American to replace European loans with American ones |
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League of Nations
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~ was one of Wilson's fourteen points
~ it was agreed upon at the Peace Conferance at Paris ~ it was included in the Treaty of Versailles ~ it was designed to achive international peace and security ~ the league was a smaller council composed of the U.S., Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and four natins to be elected by the assembly |
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Pancho Villa
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~ Pancho Villa revolted hoping to seize Mexican power
~ he raided U.S. border towns, injuring American civilians ~ he removed seventeen Americans from a train in Mexico and murdered them ~ he invaded Columbus, New Mexico, killing sixteen Americans and burning the town ~ General John J. Pershing led 6 thousand men deep into Mexican territory and chased away Villa |
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Zimmerman Telegram
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~ it was from Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, to the German ambassador in Mexico
~ the British government intercepted it and gave it to Wilson privately ~ it proposed an alliance with Mexico in case of war with the U.S., offering financial support and recovery of Mexico's lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona ~ the telegram was the last straw for the U.S. and it led them to war |
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William Jennings Bryan
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~ was Wilson's Secretary of State
~ he trusted in the common people ~ he was a fervent pacifist and believed in the American duty to help less favored nations ~ In 1913 and 1914, he embarked on an idealistic campaign to negotiate treaties of arbitration throughout the world known as cooling-off treaties ~ bryan negotiated colling-off treaties with thirty nations but they were naive, and did not work ~ Bryan resigned from Secretary of State when he felt that neutrality was in danger |
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Hay Herran Convention
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~ Roosevelt backed the idea of having the canal route going through the Isthmus of Panama
~ he authorized secretary of state, Hay to negoitate an agreement with the Columbian leader, Thomas Herran ~ the convention gave the U.S. a 99-year lease, with option for renewal, on a cnal zone 6 miles in width ~ in exchange, the U.S. agreed to pay Columbia a onetime fee of 10 million and an unnual rental of 250,000 thousand |
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Bernard Baruch
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~ was a Wall Street broker and speculator
~ Baruch headed the WIB, one of the most powerful of the new agencies, oversaw the producton of all American factories ~ for a time, he acted as the dictator of the American economy |
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Herbert Hoover
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~ he headed a new Food Administration, and he set out with customary energy to supply food to the armies overseas
~ Hoover convinced people to save food by observing meatless and wheatless days ~ he fixed prices to boost production, bought and distrubuted wheat, and encouraged people to plant victory gardnes behind homes, churches, and schools |
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Eugene V Debs
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~ the socialist party leader
~ In 1918, delievered a speech denouncing capitalism and the war ~ he was convicted for violation of the Espionage Act and spent the war in a penitentiary in Atlanta ~ he ran for president in the 1920 elections and won nearly a million votes |
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Hay-Pauncefort Treaty
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~ 190l: Secretary of State John Hay negotiated with Britain the treaty
~ it permitted the U.S. to construct and control an Isthmian canal, providing it would be free and open to ships of all nations ~ the U.S. later chose the route through Panama |
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Bolshevik
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~ In November 1917, the Blsheviks seized power in Russia
~ led by V.I.Lenin, they soon signed a seperate treaty with Germany, freeing German troops to fight in the West ~ Wwilson tried to bring down the Bolshevik government in the summer of 1918, and to protect Allied supplies from the Germans and to rescue a large number of Czechs who wanted to return home to fight Germnay ~ American troops remained in Russia until April 1920 |
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Sedition Act
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~ WWI law that imposed harsh penalties on anyone using disloyal, profane, scurrilous, orabusive language about the U.S. government, flag, or armed forces
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Espionage Act
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~ another WWI law, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found gulity of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty
~ it allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection |
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14 Points
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~ January 1918, President Wwilson presented these terms for a far-reaching, nonpunitive settlement of WWI
~ he called, among other things, for removal of barriers to trade, openpeace accords, reduction of armaments, and the establishment of a League of Nations ~ the Points did not satisfy wartime hunger for revenge, and thus were largely rejected by European nations |
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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
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~ 1903: this treaty granted the U.S. control over a canal zone ten miles wide across the Isthmus of Panama
~ in return, the U.S. guarnateed the independence of Panama and agreed to pay Colombia a onetime fee of 10 million dollars and an annual rental of 250,000 dollars |
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George Creel
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~ an outspoken progressive journalist
~ President Wilson asked Creed to head the Committee on Public Information ~ Creel hired progressived and recruited thousands of people in the arts, advertising, and film industries to publicize the war ~ Creel also enlisted 75,000 four-minute men to give quick speeches at public gatherings and places of enternatimen on Why We Are Fighting and The Meaning of America |
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CPI
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~ 1917: created by President Wilson and headed by George Creel
~ this organization rallied support for American involvement in WWI through art, advertising, and film ~ Creel worked out a system of voluntary censorship with the press and distributed colorful posters and pamphlets ~ the CPI's Division of Industrial Relations rallied labor to help the war effort |
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WIB
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~ one of the many boards and commissions created during WWI
~ this government agency oversaw the production of all American factories ~ it determined priorites, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices ~ it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce |
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Pacifists
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~ is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes or gaining advantage
~ a dove is the symbol for pacifism |
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Taft-Katsura Agreement
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~ Roosevelt sent secretary of war Taft to Tokyo to negotiate the Agreement
~ it recognized Japan's dominance over Korea in return for its promise not to invade the Philippines |
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Victoriano Huerta
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~ General Huerta ousted the Mexican President Madero in 1913, threw him in jail, and arranged for his murder
~ Wilson withheld recognition from Huerta and maneuvered to oust him ~ in 1914, he stationed naval units off Mexico's ports to cut off arms shipments to the Huerta regime ~ Wilson asked Congress for authority to use military force if needed ~ Wilson learned that a German ship was landing arms at Mexico's eastern coast ~ American warships went ashore and took the city ~ Mexicans denounced the invasion and the two countries hovered on the edge of war ~ wilson retreated hasitly and ecplained that he desired only to help Mexico ~ tensions eased, and in July 1914, weakened by an armed rebellion, Huerta resigned |
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John J Pershing
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~ was a general
~ he was ordered on a punitive expendition to seize Villa in Mexico ~ Pershing led six thousand troops deep into Mexican territory ~ as the Americans pushed further and further into the country Wilson changed his mind and ordered Pershing home ~ WWI, Wilson named Pershing leader of the Mexican campaign, to head the American Expeditionary Fource |
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Franz Ferdinand
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~ was the heir to the Austrio-Hungary throne
~ he was murdered on June 28, 1914, by a Bosnian assassin linked to Serbia ~ the murder of Ferdinand was the spark to WWI ~ withink weeks the Allies were at war with the Central Powers |
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American Union Against Militarism
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~ was an American pacifist organization active during WWI
~ it was created by many prominant progressives ~ Activities included lobbying, publishing, a lecture campaign, and the establishment of a Civil Liberties Bureau |
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Filibuster
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~ is a type of parliamentary procedure. Specifically, it is a form of obstruction in a legislature or other decision-making body whereby a lone member can elect to delay or entirely prevent a vote on a proposal.
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Trench Warfare
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~ European armies had trench warfares during WWI
~ armies would dig themselves into trenches only hundreds of yards apart in places ~ artillery, poisen gas, hand grenades, machine guns, kept them down ~ mud, rats, cold, fear, and disease took a heavy toll ~ deafening bombardments shook the earth, and there was a high incidence of shell shock ~ when troops went over top to break enemy's lines, it was costly |
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Liberty Bonds
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~ to raise money for the war, the federal government sold liberty bonda
~ they sold about 23 million dollars worth of liberty bonds during WWI |
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Treaty of Versailles
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~ was the peace treaty to settle WWI
~ the four big powers created the treaty which was the U.S., Britain, France, and Italian ~ the treaty created thwo new nations, Poland and Czechoslovakia ~ it divided up the German colonies in Asia and Africa ~ it made Germany accept responsibility for the war and demanded enormous reparations totaling 33 billion ~ the League of Nations was also included |
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Lusitania
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~ a British steamship
~ it carried a load of ammunition as well as passengers ~ when it was near the coast of Ireland, a German U-boat attacked and the steamship sunk ~ nearly 1200 people died, including 128 Americans |
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The taking of the Canal Zone
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~ Roosevelt wanted to build a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
~ he had 2 decisions and he decided to go through the Isthmus of Panama ~ he tried to negotiate a treaty with Columbia but the Columbian Senate rejected the treaty ~ Roosevelt got the Panamanians on his side and they revolted ~ Roosevelt sent warships to back them up ~ he promptly recognized the new Republican of Panama ~ Roosevelt also got the place for his canal |
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Open Door Policy (Notes)
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~ the policy toward China and possession of the Philippine Islands shaped American actions in the Far East
~ Congress refused to arm the Phillipines, but they were seseptible to the growing power of Japan ~ Roosevelt wanted to balance Russian and Japenese power and was a little happy when war broke out between those two nations ~ Roosevelt grew worried, however, when Japan won battle after battle and offered to mediate the conflict ~ Roosevelt convened a peace confernce at Portsmouth, New Hampshire ~ Roosevelt secured the Philippines with the Conference ~ Giving Japan in Korea violated the Open Door Policy, but Roosevelt felt that it was necessary |
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Roosevelt Corollary
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~ President Roosevelt's 1904 foreign policy statement, a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs if the countries themselves could not keep their affairs in order
~ it effectively made the U.S. the policeman of the western hemisphere |
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Sussex Pledge
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~ In this pledge, Germany agreedd to President Wilson's demands and promised to shoot on sight only ships of the enemy's navy
~ He attached the condition that the United States compel the Allies to end their blockade and comply with international law ~ Wilson accepted the pledge but turned down the condition. ~ this started a short time of peace between Germany and the U.S. |
