Ap Us History Chapter 1 Amsco

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Native Americans

Back 1

The first Americans

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Land Bridge

Back 2

A bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska (which is now submerged under the Bering Sea)

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Sioux & Pawnee

Back 3

Great Plains tribes that followed the buffalo herds; nomadic; small settlements

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Pueblo

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Southwest America; lived in multistoried buildings and developed irrigation systems for farming

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Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian

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Mound-builders; Mississippi and Ohio River valleys; supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture; decline in 15th century

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Iroquois

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Northeast America; formed the League of the Iroquois (political confederacy); withstood attacks from opposing Native Americans and Europeans

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Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs

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Central & South America; developed highly organized societies, extensive trade, and created calendars based on scientific observations

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Renaissance

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Rebirth of classical learning and artistic & scientific activity; gradual increase in scientific knowledge & technological change

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Technology in Renaissance

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Use of gunpowder, sailing compass; improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking; invention of printing press

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Catholic victory in Spain

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1492: Isabella and Ferdinand defeated the Moors of Granada (Muslim invaders); uniting of Spain sign of new leadership, hope, and power for Roman Catholic faith

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Isabella and Ferdinand

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Isabella (queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (king of Aragon) united their Christan kingdoms

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Protestant Reformation

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Early 1500s; Christians in northern Europe revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome; led to series of religious wars

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Trade

Back 13

Competition among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, and China (economic motives for exploration)

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Portugal

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Developing nation-state; monarchs of emerging nation-states depended on trade and the Church to justify their right to rule; Prince Henry the Navigator

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Henry the Navigator

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Opened a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope; sponsored voyages of exploration; used power to search for riches and spread influence of Ronan Catholicism to new overseas dominions

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Nation-state

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Country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government

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Christopher Columbus

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1492: Isabella and Ferdinand financed his voyages and provided him with 3 ships; discovered the New World; voyages brought about permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans

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New World

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Spain and Portugal eye the first to claim territories which led to the Treaty of Tordesillas; Spain owed its power to explorers and conquistadores; Dutch, English, and French made claims on the Americas

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Amerigo Vespucci

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Italian sailor; the Americas was named after him

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Papal Line of Demarcation

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1493: the pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map (gave Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east)

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Treaty of Todesillas

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1494: Spain and Portugal signed this treaty which moved the line a few degrees to the west

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Vasco Núñez de Balboa

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Feats across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Circumnavigation of the world

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Hernan Cortés

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Conquests of the Aztecs

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Francisco Pizarro

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Conquests of the Incas

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Conquistadores

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Conquerors; sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain from the New World

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Ecomienda system

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The Spanish seized the wealth of the Indian empires and the king gave grants of land & Indians to individual Spaniards.

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Asiento system

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The Spanish paid a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas

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John Cabot

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Italian sea captain under contract to King Henry VII; explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497

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Giovanni de Verrazano

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Italian navigator whose voyage was sponsored by the French monarchy in 1524; explored part of North America's eastern coast

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Jacques Cartier

Back 31

Explored St. Lawrence River extensively

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Samuel de Champlain

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Established the 1st permanent French settlement in America in 1608 (Quebec); Father of New France

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Father Jacques Marquette

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1673: explored the upper Mississippi river with Louis Jolliet

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Robert de la Salle

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1682: explored the Mississippi basin; named Louisiana (after King Louis XIV)

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Henry Hudson

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English seaman; 1609: sailed up a broad river (Hudson river); surrounding area would become New Amsterdam (New York)

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Joint-stock company

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Financed costly and risky enterprise; supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable

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Father Junípero Serra

Back 37

Member of the Franciscan order; founded nine of the missions established along the California coast

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Virginia Company

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Joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in America in 1607

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Captain John Smith

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English explorer who helped found Jamestown and was one of the original settlers

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John Rolfe & Pocahontas

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Established a tobacco industry since they developed a new variety of tobacco (became popular in Europe and bright financial prosperity to the colony).

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Royal colony

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Colony under the control of a king or queen; Virginia became England's 1st royal colony under the control of King James I.

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Puritans

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Religious reformers wanted to "purify" their church of Catholic influences; they wanted to change the ceremonies and the hierarchy of the Church of England

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Plymouth colony

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First colony established for religious motivation settled by a group of Puritans (Separatists)

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Separatists

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Rejected the idea of reforming the Church of England; wanted to organize a completely separate church (independent of royal control); in search of religious freedom

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Pilgrims

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Aka Separatists; 1620: boarded the Mayflower to head for Virginia since they faxed economic hardship & cultural differences in Holland; established new colony at Plymouth

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Mayflower; Mayflower Compact

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Ship that the Pilgrims boarded to get to Virginia; 1620: Pilgrims drew up and signed a document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority (early form of colonial self-government and written constitution)

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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A group of Puritans (who were not Separatists & were seeking religious freedom) gained a royal charter for a new colonizing venture (Massachusetts Bay Company) as the persecution of Puritans increased in England

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John Winthrop

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1630: led a thousand Puritans and founded Boston and other towns

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Great Migration

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A civil war in England in the 1630s drove 15,000 more settlers to the Massachusetts Bay colony (a movement)

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Virginia House of Burgesses

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The first representative assembly in America