Us History Ch 21/22

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Pendleton Act

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also known as Civil Service Act. Created a bipartisan civil service commission to administer competitive exams for most federal jobs. Passed in reaction to the assassination of President Garfield to start reform

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McKinley Tariff

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an act that raised tariffs so high that they threatened to cut off manufactured imports. Caused Ohio senator Will McKinley to be voted from office in the next election.

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Protective Tariff

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: taxes on imported goods used to shield small companies from foreign competition. Results were ongoing conflicts between democrats and republicans, as well as the birth of many new political parties/groups

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Bland-Allison Act

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inaugurated a limited form of silver coinage

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Interstate Commerce of Commission

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a federal agency that regulated commerce across state boundaries. Actually had little importance, but was a key step in the rights to oversee private corporations.

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

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outlawed restraint of commerce, was approved by Benjamin Harrison.

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Populism

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: agrarian revolt of farmers against heavy mortgages, widespread poverty and railroad rates. Blamed troubles on manufacturers exempt from tax, and wealthy bankers who could hold their debts. Drew supporters from both parties, mobilized minorities. Platform of 1892 promised to return the government to the hands of the “plain people”. Their national convention met on Independence Day in Nebraska in 1892.

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Populist Party

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was a group of reform delegates and wanted a new convention and a new presidential ticket. (didn’t approve of women’s suffrage)

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Crop-lien system

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sharecropping and credit. Harvests were never enough money for farmers, and these farmers were left in debt. They were able to put up a “lien” on a crop, and that gave a shopkeeper first claim on that crop until debt was paid.

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Granger

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regulating rates of the Grangers that charged by railroads, grain elevator operators, and other intermediaries. Caused 8 court cases. The Grangers was formed to uplift the lives of farmers with rough, bleak lives.

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Southern Alliance

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formed in Texas in 1875 when members pooled money to own enterprises for buying and selling, milling and storing, and banking and manufacturing.

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Disfranchisement

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in 1890, numerous southern states were taking away black’s vote to right. They had to pay a tax to vote and also had to pass a literary exam, which eliminated many people. Also, whites of the lower classes were included in this illiterate and poor group who could not vote because of disfranchisement.

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Depression of 1893

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occurred four days after the World’s Columbian Exposition. Downturns in one sector of the economy would quickly affect others. Child labor rose. The cause was the overexpanding of the economy. Federal government took no action to relieve the depression, resulting in Coxey’s Army.

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Free Silver

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silverites campaigned for free coinage of silver. This meant the treasury would freely mint all silver presented to it, independent of other nations. it would cause the supply of money and prices to increase. Supposedly would help the economy revive from the depression of 1893. it was actually a symbolic protest of religion and class between farmers in debt and industrialists and financers.

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Imperialism

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lobbied the White House and Congress, after which foreign policy was made. Theories Þ navy Þ America has the potential to become a large imperial power. Missionaries recruited supports and encouraged western civilization.

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White Man’s Burden

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missionary’s way of introducing western style of life and religion to the “darker” races of the world. Opposed outright political and military intervention.

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Anti-Imperialists

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favored expansion of foreign trade and businesses but didn’t find it necessary to acquire colonies in other countries. Were overruled by the dreams of an American-style empire

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Open Door

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was the open door notes, Secretary of State Hay asked the imperial powers of the world to keep an open mind about free trading with other nations. announced it as an international policy. When Boxer’s Rebellion broke out, he issued a 2nd one, asking foreign imperial powers to have respect for China’s territorial and administrative integrity. Assumed to be America’s desire to keep stability and trade in Asia. Set precedent to keep open closed markets and keep open markets other countries had yet to close

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Niger Movement

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competition for imperialistic rue in other countries (colonies). Europe took over the Niger and Congo Basin. Inspired Americans to have the same style of conquest and possession

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“Mudwumps”

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Republicans who in the election of 1894 did not vote along party lines.

Front 21

what were the reasons for imperialism?

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European xpansion, natural resources, tariffs, and new markets.

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growth of industrial networks

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global economy, global markets, Andrew Carnegie, Competition (= Herbert Spencer, surival of the fittest)

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Tariffs and new networks

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country had a surplus of goods, they wanted to export them but had to pay an import tax. However, imperialism brought new markets. these new markes in other countries could only trade with the home country.(imperial power)

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Nationalism and Social Darwinism

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goal is to bring our Western culture upon all the other people (White Man's Burden) America expands westward (Hawaii) Alfred T. Mahan and "Influce of Sea Power on History". stre

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Alfred T. Mahan and "Influce of Sea Power on History".

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stressed the importance of a strong military/navy. for steamboats, naval bases were needed outside of American territory. (Hawaii, Cuba, Phillipines)Resulted in Global Affairs/Politics.

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"A Splendid Little War"

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was the Spanish-American War of 1898. was an oxymoron.

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Causes of the Spanish-American War

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Spain had taken control of Cuba, which had interest of sugar plantations in it. wanted self control, out of spain's hands.

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Jose Marti

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was a guerilla Cuban leader out of exile from America who started the resurgance of opposition against the Spanish gov't.

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General of Weylers

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Spanish, opposing commander. used ruthless and terrorist tactics against the Cubans.

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Yellow Journalism

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exaggerated, sensationalism. American media used General Weyler in this, and American people found it their duty to westernize the Cubans.

Front 31

U.S.S. Maine

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American president planted this near Cuba to threaten the Spanish, because we had interest in the Cuban sugar plantations.

Front 32

February 15th, 1898

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U.S.S. Maine is destroyed. blamed on a Spanish water mine (a false accusation) and America declares war on Spain in 1898.

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Teller Amendment

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America promised Cuba it would not annex it as a result of the war. Wanted Cuba to fight with them because of their successful guerilla tactics.

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Casulaties of S-A War.

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5,462 men die, only 379 in battle. food poisoning and disease (from mosquitoes) killed the rest.
FDA started to form.

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Arenas of Battle

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Cuba and Phillipines.

Front 36

Battle of San Juan Hill

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Was actually only a skirmish.
Teddy Roosevelt led teh Texan Tarantulas, now known as the Rough Riders in this battle.

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Santiago Harbor

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7 Spanish ships were sank because of Americani forces.

Front 38

Phillipines Battles and land.

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Manilla Bay and Matthew C. Perry.

This country led other imperial powers in the competition for Hawaii