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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were The “Progressives”
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They were crusaders in America who waged war upon monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice.
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What was...Wealth Against Commonwealth.
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In 1894 Henry Demarest Lloyd attacked the Standard Oil Company with his book...
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What was The Theory of the Leisure Class
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Thorstein Veblen assailed the new rich class with by writing...which was considered to be a savage attack upon predatory wealth and conspicuous consumption.
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Jacob A. Riis
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a muckraker, shocked middle class Americans with How the Other Half Lives. His account was an eye opener to the dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the rat-gnawed human rookeries known as New York slums. The book deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt, police commissioner of NY.
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Theodore Dreiser
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Novelist who wrote The Financier and The Titan, books which attacked promoters and profiteers.
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Beginning around 1902, what became a flourishing industry among American publishers.
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exposing corruption and other evils
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Magazines like McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s and Everybody’s were espically known for ...
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digging deep for the dirt the public loved.
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The reporters who dug up the dirt were branded as ...
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“muckrakers.”
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Who boomed circulation, and some of their most scandalous exposures were published as best-selling books.
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Muckrakers
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the NY reporter Lincoln Steffens did what
“Shame of the Cities.” |
In 1902, who... launched a series in McClure’s titled, ... With his ariticles he unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.
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Ida M. Tarbell
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who was, a young journalist published a devastating yet factual expose of the Standard Oil Company, as her father had been ruined by one of the oil companies schemes. The muckraker magazines made sure that every article she wrote was completely factual as they feared legal reprisals.
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Thomas W. Lawson
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who was, an erratic speculator, revealed his foul practices to gain money as well as the practices of his fellow rich friends in “Frenzied Finance.”
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David G. Phillips
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who shocked an already startled nation with his series in the Cosmopolitan titled “The Treason of the Senate.”
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What was in the cosmopolital series "the treason of the senate"
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In it, he attacked 75 of the Senate’s 90 senators, accusing them of not represent the people at all, but instead the railroads and trusts.
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Ray Stannard Baker and John Spargo
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Other muckrakers like ...wrote about the subjugation of blacks and child labor with their books, Following the Color (Baker) and The Bitter Cry of the Children (Spargo).
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Who wrote Following the Color (Baker) and The Bitter Cry of the Children (Spargo).
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Ray Stannard Baker and John Spargo
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Progressive reformers were...
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mainly middle-class men and women.
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Their two goals of Progressive reformers were...
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to use state power to curb the trusts and to stem the socialist threat by generally improving the common person’s conditions of life and labor.
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what was the "initiative"
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what Progressivist favored so that voters could directly propose legislation themselves.
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What was a favorite goal of progressives
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Direct election of US senators
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Why was Direct election of US senators a favorite goal of progressives?
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especially after thee muckrakers had exposed the scandalous intimacy between greedy corporations and Congress.
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1. What was the 17th Amendment?
2. what led to it? |
1. which established the direct election of US senators.
2. especially after thee muckrakers had exposed the scandalous intimacy between greedy corporations and Congress. |
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How did progressives feel about women's suffrage?
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They Progressives also supported women’s suffrage believing that women’s votes would elevate the political tone.
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Who was Robert M. La Follette
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He was an undersized but overbearing crusader who emerged as the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders. After becoming a governor in 1901, he wrested considerable control from crooked corporations and returned them to the people.
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What was an indispensable part of the progressive army.
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women
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A crucial focus for women’s activism was ...
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the settlement house movement.
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What offered a side door to public life to women, where they were exposed to problems plaguing America, along with giving the women skills to combat these evils.
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Settlement houses
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Some women didn’t want to...and argued it was their job to ...
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... become the equals of men ...stop child labor and insure safety within their family.
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Florence Kelley
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became the state of Illinois’s first chief factory inspector and one of the nation’s leading advocates for improved factory conditions.
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Louis Brandeis did what..
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In the landmark case Muller v. Oregon, attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women’s weaker bodies. Although this argument seemed discriminator and later closed many “male” jobs to women, Brandeis’s achievement was a triumph over existing legal doctrine.
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What was Muller v. Oregon? was there a weakness within it?
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attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women’s weaker bodies. Although this argument seemed discriminator and later closed many “male” jobs to women, Brandeis’s achievement was a triumph over existing legal doctrine.
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Lochner v. New York
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In 1905 the Supreme Court, invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers.
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what happened in 1917 in relation to the reformist progressives?
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The reformist progressive wave finally washed up into the judiciary, and in 1917 the Court upheld a ten-hour law for factory workers.
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What happened to 146 women in NYC?
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the lethal fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC. The locked doors and other flagrant violations had turned the factory into a death trap where one hundred forty six women were incinerated or leapt from eight story windows to their deaths
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what did the the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC prove?
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Laws regulating factories were useless unless enforced, a truth horribly demonstrated by the lethal fire
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what did the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC disaster lead to?
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This led to massive strikes by women and other factory workers.
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what was Prohibition?
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It was another progressives movement, as they believed acohol to be one of the foundations for problems with people in America.
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what was the WCTU
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Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
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who received powerful support from the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).
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Antiliquor campaigners
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TR’s "..." for Labor
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Square Deal
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Teddy Roosevelt feared...
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the public interest was being submerged in indifference.
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Teddy Roosevelt demanded a “Square Deal” for
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capital, labor and the public at large.
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what did TR square deal embrace?
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the three C's:
Control of Corporations Consumer protection Conservation of natural resources |
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What were the three C's
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Control of Corporations
Consumer protection Conservation of natural resources |
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when was The Square Deal first tested
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in 1902 during a strike broke out at coal mines in Pennsylvania.
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what happened when the square deal was first tested?
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The workers demanded a 20% increase in pay and a nine hour work day, yet the owners of the mine ignored them. Roosevelt took matters into his own hands and eventually was able to get the workers a 10% increase in pay and the nine hour work day.
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What did TR like to do to corporations?
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Corral the Corporations
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what was the Elkins Act of 1903.
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Congress passed effective railroad legislation, beginning with the Elkins Act of 1903. With this Act Heavy Fines could now be imposed both on the railroads that gave rebates and on shippers that accepted them.
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what had become a fighting word within the Progressive Era.
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Trusts
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Dispite the publics dislike for all trust, Roosevelt became convinced of what?
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...that there were good trusts, which had public consciences and bad trusts which lusted greedily for power. Roosevelt was determined to respond to the public outcry against the trusts but only against those he deemed evil.
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As a trustbuster, Roosevelt first attacked ...
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the Northern Securities Company
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what was the Northern Securities Company
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a railroad holding company financed by J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill who sought to gain a monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest.
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who ran the Northern Securities Company,
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J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill
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How did big business feel about trustbusting?
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Though this angered big business, Roosevelt’s reputation as a trust smasher grew.
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who was William Howard Taft
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Roosevelt’s successor
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what did taft do with the trusts.
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William Howard Taft, Roosevelt’s successor “busted” many more trusts than he ever. In fact, Taft busted many of the trusts that Roosevelt found as good trusts, and his reaction was explosive.
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What did Upton Sinclair write?
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The Jungle
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what was "The Jungle's" original intent and what disgusting thing was revealed?
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which was meant to focus attention on the plight of the workers in the big canning factories, but instead revealed to the public the disgusting process unsanitary food products.
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What did Roosevelt demand Congress to pass which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would have to be subject to federal inspection from corral to can.
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Meat Inspection Act of 1906
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what was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.
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The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
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what did Many Americans not realize ?
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(that their natural reasources weren’t abundant.)
Earth Control |
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what was the first feeble step to try and save US resources?
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The Desert Land Act of 1877
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what did The Desert Land Act of 1877 do?
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The Act let the government sell arid land cheaply so long as the owner irrigates the soil.
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what followed The Desert Land Act of 1877?
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The Carey Act of 1984 later stated that the land distributed must be settled.
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what was The Carey Act of 1984
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later stated that the land distributed must be settled. followed the Desert Land Act of 1877 (feeble first steps)
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what authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves
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The Forest Reserve Act of 1891
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President Roosevelt was a...
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a naturalist and rancher
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what was the Newlands Act of 1902
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President Roosevelt convinced Congress to pass the Newlands Act of 1902, which authorized the federal government to collect money from the sale of public lands in western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects.
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In 1900 Roosevelt, attempting to preserve the nation's shrinking forests, set aside what?
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125 million acres of land in federal reserves.
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Under President Roosevelt, professional foresters and engineers developed a policy of what?
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"multiple-use resource management."
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Under President Roosevelt foresters and engineers developed what?
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a policy of "multiple-use resource management." They sought to combine recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same expanse of federal land. Many westerners soon realized how to work with federal conservation programs and not resist the federal management of natural resources.
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Theodore Roosevelt was elected as president in
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1904
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President Roosevelt made it known that he would not run for a 3rd term.
which caused what to happen? |
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
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Where did the "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 affect?
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A panic descended upon Wall Street in 1907. The financial world blamed the panic on President Roosevelt for unsettling the industries with his anti-trust tactics.
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Responding to the panic of 1907, Congress passed what?
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the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908
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what was the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908
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it authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
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what was TRs nickname?
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Rough Rider
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For the election of 1908, the Republican Party chose who?
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William Howard Taft, secretary of war to Theodore Roosevelt.
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For the election of 1908, the Democratic Party chose who?
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William Jennings Bryan.
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who won the election of 1908?
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William Howard Taft
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Name four things roosevelt accomplished during his term.
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1. Roosevelt attempted to protect against socialism and to protect capitalists against popular indignation.
2. He greatly enlarged the power and prestige of the presidential office 3. he helped shape the progressive movement and beyond it, the liberal reform campaigns later in the century. 4. TR also opened the eyes of Americans to the fact that they shared the world with other nations. |
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Describe Taft as a political leader.
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President Taft had none of the arts of a dashing political leader, such as Roosevelt, and none of Roosevelt's zest. He generally adopted an attitude of passivity towards Congress.
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how was Taft on trust busting?
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Taft was considered the true trust buster, as he busted almost twice as many trusts as Roosevelt did in half the time.
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How did Taft compare to TR on trustbusting?
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He brought 90 suits against the trusts in four years compared to Theodore Roosevelt’s 44 suits in seven-and-a-half years.
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What major trust was broken in 1911?
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In 1911, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Mighty Standard Oil Company which was judged to be in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.
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what Act caused the break up of Standard Oil?
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the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
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What trustbust of Taft infuriated TR and why?
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Taft also decided to press an antitrust suit against the US Steel Corporations, which infuriated Teddy Roosevelt as this was one of the companies he deemed a “good” trust.
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what was the Payne-Aldrich Bill in 1909
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Signed by President Taft , it was a tariff bill that placed a high tariff on many imports.
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why was the Payne-Aldrich Bill in 1909 controversal for Taft?
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With the signing, Taft betrayed his campaign promises of lowering the tariff.
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what were Tafts political views?
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Taft was a strong conservationist
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What challenged Tafts conservative record?
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in 1910, the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel erased much of his conservationist record.
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what was Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel
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When Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development, he was criticized by chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot. When Taft dismissed Pinchot, much protest arose from conservationists.
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who were the major parties involved in the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel
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1. Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger
2. chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot |
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What happened to Gifford Pinchot?
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When taft dismissed him as chief of agriculture departments division of forestry after he protested opening public lands to corporate developement much protest arose from conservationists against taft.
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What happened politically to taft in 1910?
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By the spring of 1910, the reformist wing of the Republican Party was furious with Taft and the Republican Party had split.
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What was The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture?
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One once supporter of Taft, Roosevelt, was now an enemy. Taft had broken up Roosevelt's U.S. Steel Corporation, which Roosevelt had worked long and hard to form.
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what was the name of Roosevelts corporation which Taft broke up?
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U.S. Steel
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In 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was formed WHO as its leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination?
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La Follette
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In February of 1912, Theodore Roosevelt, with his new views on Taft, announced that he would run again for presidency. How did he deal with his promise of running for a third term?
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he clarified that he said he wouldn't run for 3 CONSECUTIVE terms.
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WHAT happened in June of 1912 when the Republican convention met in Chicago.
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Taft-Roosevelt explosion
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what was significant with the Taft-Roosevelt explosion
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When it came time to vote, the Roosevelt supporters claimed fraud and in the end refused to vote. Taft subsequently won the Republican nomination.
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what was significant with the Taft-Roosevelt explosion
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When it came time to vote, the Roosevelt supporters claimed fraud and in the end refused to vote. Taft subsequently won the Republican nomination.
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what was significant with the Taft-Roosevelt explosion
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When it came time to vote, the Roosevelt supporters claimed fraud and in the end refused to vote. Taft subsequently won the Republican nomination.
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