U.s History 2Nd Review

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Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Back 1

The government leaves the people alone regarding all economic activities. It is the separation of economy and state.

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Social Darwinism

Back 2

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

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Corporation

Back 3

a group of people elected to govern a city, town, or borough.

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Monopoly/trust

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The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

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Robber baron

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An unscrupulous plutocrat, especially an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means.Origin

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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A federal law passed in 1890 that committed the American government to opposing monopolies. The law prohibits contracts, combinations, or conspiracies “in the restraint of trade or commerce.”

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mass production

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The manufacture of goods in large quantities by machinery and by use of techniques such as the assembly line and division of labor.

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labor union

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an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

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strike

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a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer.

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Populists

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a member or adherent of a political party seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people.

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nativism

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the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

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muckraker

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This word characterizes reform-minded American journalists who wrote largely for all popular magazines.

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Teddy Roosevelt

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A political leader of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Roosevelt was president from 1901 to 1909. He became governor of New York in 1899, soon after leading a group of volunteer cavalrymen, the Rough Riders, in the Spanish-American War.

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Upton Sinclair

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an American novelist, essayist, playwright, and short-story writer, whose works reflect socialistic views. He gained public notoriety in 1906 with his novel The Jungle, which exposed the deplorable conditions of the U.S. meat-packing industry.

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suffrage

Back 15

the right to vote in political elections.

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temperance

Back 16

moderation or self-restraint

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imperialism

Back 17

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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Monroe Doctrine

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a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.

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Roosevelt Corollary

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a corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S.might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened withseizure or intervention by a European country.

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Yellow journalism

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journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

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Spanish-American War

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A war between Spain and the United States, fought in 1898. The war began as an intervention by the United States on behalf of Cuba.

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Panama Canal

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Waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. The canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The United States built it from 1904 to 1914 on territory leased from Panama.

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Neutrality

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the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartiality.

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the Lusitania

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a British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine in the North Atlantic on May 7, 1915: one of the events leading to U.S. entry into World War I.

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League of Nations

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An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, and the like.

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Schneck v. United States

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In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court invented the famous "clear and present danger" test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit an individual's free speech rights under the First Amendment.

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installment buying

Back 27

Purchasing a commodity over a period of time. The buyer gains the use of the commodity immediately and then pays for it in periodic payments called installments.

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Scopes Trial

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a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed.

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nativism

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the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

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Red Scare

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The rounding up and deportation of several hundred immigrants of radical political views by the federal government in 1919 and 1920. This “scare” was caused by fears of subversion by communists in the United States after the Russian Revolution.

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Prohibition

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the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol, especially in the US between 1920 and 1933.

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Harlem Renaissance

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An African-American cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem, that celebrated black traditions, the black voice, and black ways of life.

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credit

Back 33

the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.

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Hooverville

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a shantytown built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s.

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stock market crash

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A major crash of the stock market in 1929, which has led to the Great Depression.

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Dust Bowl

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an area of land where vegetation has been lost and soil reduced to dust and eroded, especially as a consequence of drought or unsuitable farming practice.

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New Deal

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A group of government programs and policies established under President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s; the New Deal was designed to improve conditions for persons suffering in the Great Depression.

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court packing

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The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (frequently called the "court-packing plan") was a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. SupremeCourt.

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Neutrality Acts

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The Neutrality Acts were laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies.

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Land-lease act

Back 40

the matériel and services supplied by the U.S. to its allies during World War II under an act of Congress (Lend-Lease Act) passed in 1941: such aid was to be repaid in kind after the war.

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Korematsu v. United States

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Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.

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rationing

Back 42

allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity).

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GI Bill

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A law passed in 1944 that provided educational and other benefits for people who had served in the armed forces in World War II. Benefits are still available to persons honorably discharged from the armed forces.

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containment

Back 44

the action or policy of preventing the expansion of a hostile country or influence.

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Marshall Plan & Truman Doctrine

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A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II. It was proposed by the United States secretary of state, General George C. Marshall.

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Mccarthyism

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a vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950–54. Many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not in fact belong to the Communist Party.

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"separate but equal"

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racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races.

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civil disobedience

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the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

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integration

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the action or process of integrating.

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MLK Jr./Malcolm X

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an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister who first rose to prominence as leader of the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott challenging segregated public transportation.

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black power

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a movement in support of rights and political power for black people, especially prominent in the US in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Voting Rights Act of 1963

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A law passed at the time of the civil rightsmovement. It eliminated various devices, such as literacy tests, that had traditionally been used to restrict voting by black people.

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Great Society

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a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.

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detente

Back 55

the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

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Watergate Scandal

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a major political scandal that occurred in the United States in the 1970s, following a break-in at the Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters at theWatergate office complex in Washington, D.C. and President Richard Nixon's administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement.

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impeachment

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A formal accusation of wrongdoing against a public official. According to the United States Constitution, the House of Representatives can vote to impeach an official, but the Senate actually tries the case.

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Persian Gulf War

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A war between the forces of the United Nations, led by the United States, and those of Iraq that followed Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein 's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. The United Nations forces, called the Coalition, expelled Iraqi troops from Kuwait in March 1991.

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NAFTA

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an agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries.

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Election of 2000

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In Bush v. Gore (2000), a divided Supreme Court ruled that the state of Florida's court-ordered manual recount of vote ballots in the 2000 presidential election was unconstitutional.