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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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US as a war power on the eve of the 20th Century
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Shift in foreign policy. America's new diplomacy reflected far-reaching changes that were reshaping agriculture, industry & social structure. American statesmen scrambled to keep up with other nations in the "Age of Empire" for international advantage.
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"Yellow Journalism"
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Joseph Pulizter & Randolph Hearst at the forefront of lurid stories that contained half-fiction in order to sensationalize and sell papers.
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Alfred T. Mahan
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Wrote "The Influence Of Sea Power On History", argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance. Helped stimulate the naval race among great powers. Americans began to demand a bigger navy as well as a canal between Pac. And Atl. oceans.
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The Battleship Maine
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One of the most advanced ships of it's time, sent to Havana Harbor when an accident blew it up. Yellow journalists fictionalized the story to blame it on Spanish, lead to Spanish/American War.
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Teller Amendment
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Said that after liberating Cuba, US would not try to annex Cuba as a territory and would give Cubans their freedom.
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New American Navy
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Powerful, metal-clad ships capable of destroying the Spanish fleet in Manilla Harbor and Santiago Harbor.
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Battle of Santiago
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Navy blockaded Santiago Harbor while Rough Riders marched toward Santiago. US Navy destroyed the Spanish Armada on July 3rd.
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Troop preparedness in the Spanish American War
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Poorly trained, poorly equipped and poorly lead. 5000 died of dysentary, malaria, typhoid and yellow fever. Ate "embalmed beef", which lead to illness as well.
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New US Territories
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Guam, Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico. US confused on how to handle them...annex or not?
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Acquisition of the Phillipines
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Caused much stress, as the islands were so far away and hard to manage but strategically valuable. The people expected freedom but instead US said that we would stay indefinitely.
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Emilio Aquinaldo
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Leader of the the Philippine insurrection against US. Forced US to send 126K troops to quell it. The rebels were poorly equipped but lead a guerilla war. Capturing Aquinaldo broke the insurrection.
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Open Door policy in China
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Note dispatched to leaders of all the great powers by Sec. Of State Hay, urging them to announce that in their leaseholds and spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights & the idea of fair competition (without asking the Chinese). Caused discomfort among all parties but only Russia did not abide.
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Boxer Rebellion
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Super patriotic group of Chinese martial arts experts that murdered more than 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians. Descended on Peking. Multi-national force of 18k arrived to crush the rebellion.
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Roosevelt's VP nomination
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TR had been elected governor of NY, and local political bosses feared him, so they engineered a scheme to get him on the ticket as a way to get him out of their hair. Easily got the nomination.
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Character of Roosevelt
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Larger than life, macho, charismatic, bullying, fit, strong, put himself in situations where he would be the hero. Boyish and prone to like a fight (and war). Did not like pacifists.
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Panama Canal
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Roosevelt forced the issue and Congress approved. Took Panama from Columbia, who did not want the deal that was being offered. Panamanians wanted revolution, and US blocked Columbia from stopping it. US paid $40 mil for 10 mile wide strip across Panama. Started in 1904, lots of difficulties. $400 million to complete in 1914.
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American involvement in Latin America
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Latin American countries were defaulting on their debts, & TR got more involved, fearing that British and Germans would become involved as debt collectors (and thus stay in the area).
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Roosevelt Corollary
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"Preventative Intervention", whereby the US would intervene & take over customs houses, payoff debts & keep the Europeans from coming in, in the event that L. Americans kept defaulting on their debts. Pissed a lot of L. Americans off. It was considered a revision to the Monroe Doctrine.
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Gentleman's Agreement with Japan
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San Francisco segregated asian students in a special school, which caused a stir in asian countries and US press. TR made a secret pact with Japan in 1907/08 whereby Tokyo agreed to stop the flow of laborers to America by withholding passports.
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Goals of Progressives
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To strengthen the state by waging war on the evils of monopoly, corruption, inefficiency and social injustice. Wanted to "Use government as agency of human welfare"
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Progressive Reformers
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Mainly middle-class men & women who felt themselves squeezed from above and below. Pressure from giant corps, labor unions and immigrants. Two goals - use state to limit trusts and stem socialist threat by improving common man's condition. Were influential in coining terms "referendum, direct primary, initiative and recall"
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Triangle Shirtwaist fire
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Lethal fire in 1911 where locked doors and other violations turned factory into death trap. 146 mostly immigrant women workers died. Public outcry, NY passed tougher workers laws limiting hours and conditions in sweatshops. By 1917, 30 states had workers comp laws.
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Muller v Oregon
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Muller tried to keep a female worker late to do more work. Employee complained, Mueller fined $10 which he refused to pay. All the way to Sup. Court, who ruled that women were weaker and needed laws to protect them as workers.
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Coal Strike of 1902
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140K workers in Pen. struck against exploitation. Wanted 20% pay raise and lowering of work hours from 10 to 9. Mine owners refused. TR threatened Army would intervene. Mine owners finally agreed to 10% pay raise and 9 hour work day.
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Roosevelt's relationship with trusts
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"Trusts" became fighting word. TR wanted to curb but not eliminate them. He believed that there would good ones and bad ones. He attacked Norther Securities Company in 1902 (JP Morgan). TR sued over 40 major trusts. Purpose was to show that gov, not biz, ran things.
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Taft's Presidency
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Steamrolled into office by TR, not as outgoing and gregarious. No real leadership skills. Didn't like controversy, preferred status quo. Passive w/Congress. Mild progressive. Went against most progressive repubs/ Dedicated conservationist. Actually busted more trusts than TR. Offended TR by firing Ag. Sec., caused TR to seek 3rd term.
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Dollar Diplomacy
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Taft's idea to use the leverage of American investments to boost American political interests abroad. It encouraged Wall St. bankers to put their surplus $ into foreign areas of strategic concern, which helped strengthen US defenses and foreign policies while making money.
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Wilson as a politican
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Strong progressive, "New Freedom" program, anti-trust legislation, bank reform and tariff reductions. Believed in small enterprise, unregulated markets. Shared Jefferson's belief in the masses. An idealist. Persuasive voice, sincere moral appeal. Good with phrases. Not a showman. Lacked common touch. Liked scholars, was somewhat arrogant intellectual. Inflexible and stubborn.
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New Freedom campaign
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Called for anti-trust legislation, bank reform and tariff reductions, favored small biz , entrepreneurship, unregulated markets, fragmentation of industrial trusts.
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Election of 1912
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With Taft and TR dueling it out, Wilson got the presidency because of their splitting the Repub. vote. Taft and TR got 1.25 million more votes than the Dems. TR started third party because he failed to get the Repub. nomination.
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Underwood Tariff Bill
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Provided for a substantial reduction in tariff rates. landmark tax legislation. 16th Amendment added graduated income tax.
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Federal Reserve Act
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Decentralized bank in gvmt hands - most important economic legislation between Civil War and New Deal. Created Fed. Reserve Board, 12 regional banks, authorized to issue currency. Helped carry the nation through WWI.
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act
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Lengthened the Sherman Act's list of objectionable business practices to include price discrimination & interlocking directorates. Exempted labor unions from anti-trust legislation and legalized strikes. Lifted labor out of commodity.
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US Intervention in Mexico
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Wilson refused to intervene, even though there were plenty of US interests in Mex. Refused to recognize Huerta as president. Wanted to teach SA republics to elect good leaders. Allowed American arms to flow to rivals. Finally Pershing was ordered to go into Mex. and break up Villa's band (which they did, but did not get Villa). Withdrawn due to WWI.
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American Trade Prior To WWI
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Claimed neutral trading rights with all sides. British blockage prevented trade w/Germany. US made money off of supplying the war to allies.
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Submarine Warfare
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In a desperate bid to engage the British, German's unleashed submarines on all allied shipping traffic. The sinking of the Lucetania was a major catalyst for WWI, and the US tried to stay out of it with the Sussex Pledge.
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Zimmerman Note
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Intercepted and published on March 1, 1917, pissing off Americans. German Foreign Secty. Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance.
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Wilson's attempt to export democracy
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Wilson believed that the us entering WWI would be to engage in "the war to end all wars" and that it would be a crusade to "make the world a safe place for democracy". He said that America did not fight for the scale of riches or territorial conquest.
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WWI Preparedness
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Only mild preparedness had been done up until the start of the US involvement. Beginning in 1915 with a shipbuilding program and Council of National Defense. Required huge effort to mobilize US resources for WWI. Noone knew how much steel or powder we could produce. Labor unions split on support for war.
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Women and the war effort
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Thousands of women headed to factories and fields to replace men who had gone to fight. War split the Women's Movement. Impressed by women's efforts, Wilson helped to advance suffrage.
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Race riots
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Black workers who entered the steel mills in 1919 were only a fraction the tens of thousands of blacks drawn to North by war economy. Their sudden appearance sometimes sparked race riots, such as E. St. Louis, IL and Chicago, IL. when blacks were hired as strikebreakers.
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American Troops in WWI
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Initially US troops were not going to get involved, but the Western Front began collapsing and Europe was out of men and supplies. US hastily trained and sent conscriptions, many barely able to shoot (18-45 y/o). Af. Americans served in segregated units. Women allowed to serve.
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Russian Withdrawal from WWI
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Bolshevik Revolution caused Russia to w/d from what they considered a "capitalistic" war. Them leaving created an oppty. for Germany to bring it's Eastern Front troops west, where they finally hoped to crush the Allies before US could get there.
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Wilson's 14 Points
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Vision that inspired the drooping Allies to make mightier efforts and demoralized the the enemy govts. Abolish secret treaties, freedom of seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of armament burdens, adjustment of colonial claims, foreshadows League of Nations.
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League of Nations
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An international organization that Wilson dreamed would provide a system of collective security. Hoped that this new scheme would guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all countries, large or small
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