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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Continental Army
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The rebels needed to train a continental army for the Revolutionary War
SEE PG 170-171 (liberty) |
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Loyalists
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Part of the rebel strategy was to win over loyalists by exposing bad British behavior and highlight own victories
Part of the redcoat strategy was to continue winning over loyalists and hopefully they would fight for you. |
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Saratoga
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Yorktown
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During the Revolutionary War, France trapped the redcoats here
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Articles of Confederation
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-Governed the U.S. during its first years
-written in 1777 and approved in 1781 -U.S. won the Revolutionary war under these articles 1)Power of the states (each state had much power and retained their independence and could levy taxes on foreign exchange) 2) Raising money for national treasury (contributions from states, collected by taxes levied by states, like requisition system) 3) Judiciary (final court of appeals is Congress) 4) Executive (no separate executive branch, choose a committee president yearly *Congress is legislature, judiciary, and executive-no separation of powers Positives: won our independence, organized new western land to become states, establish means for people to buy land Negatives: created fiscal chaos-requisition system breakdown |
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Inflation
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-U.S. owed money to France, Holland, and Spain after war so they printed money
*this led to too much paper money that was not supported with gold and silver |
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Devaluation
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-After inflation occurs, the paper money becomes devalued
*the more unsupported money, the less confidence people have in it -people saw the money being devalued by the day and wanted their money back |
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Imposts of 1781 and 1783
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-Congress' solution to debts-amended the articles so they could tax
-Both times the amendment was shot down by one state |
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Shay's Rebellion
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-Daniel Shays was a revolutionary war veteran who received little payment and was called to court for owing money
-He organized a militia and marched from courthouse to courthouse shutting them down so people couldn't be tried. -He eventually went to federal armory but they couldn't afford an army to defend themselves against Shay's -In 1787 Shay's rebellion overtook Massachusetts and they had to call upon wealthy Bostonians to organize an army to put down Shay's Rebellion *Lessons learned: states could not solve the nations fiscal problems on their own, and states could not be relied upon to provide law and order on their own |
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Constitutional Convention
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-After Shay's rebellion, U.S. realized they relied to heavily on state power and authority.
-Needed to revise the articles of confederation which led to the constitutional convention -In Philadelphia in 178 -55 men agreed to rewrite the constitution(not just revise), keep the new document a secret, and believed the central government needed significantly more power |
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The Constitutional of the United States
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Convention finished in 1787 and stated:
-Legislature would have two houses-a Senate(2 per state) and House(based on population) -Executive-the President-in charge of army and navy of the U.S. and the militia of the states, can create treaties, can vito, strong power but elected through electoral college -Judiciary-Supreme Court-president chooses justices *Checks and Balances -Taxation must be uniform-central government has power to tax |
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Federalists
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-Argued for the ratification of the constitution
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Antifederalists
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Opposed the ratification of the constitution
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James Madison
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Came up with the idea of a bicameral legislature (Senate and House)
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The Virginia Plan
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Maidson's plan to create two branches in the Legislature
-senate-2 votes per state -house of representatives-votes based on population |
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Alexander Hamilton
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-Single handedly rebuilt the nations financial system
-Washington's most trusted advisor during presidency..but few people liked him (no memorials) -Hamilton joined the army (revolutionary began while he was in college) and Washington made him his personal secretary but U.S. was incapable of supplying necessities so Hamilton believed the U.S. needed a stronger central government -became a delegate in the Constitutional Convention and helped ensure the ratification of the constitution -after it was ratified, Washington became president and made Hamilton secretary of state *Created Hamilton's Financial Program to deal with the nations financial system -modeled after Great Britain's-thought the U.S. was capable of becoming as strong as Britain -U.S. was in debt 11 million to foreign nations -U.S. was in debt 44 million to their own people 1)taxation-customs duties, tariff tax 2)the central government will take on state debt (shows central gov. power and gains trust and respect) 3)Created the Bank of the United States 4) Sell new federal bonds-can exchange old bonds for new bonds *Believed national debt was good |
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Bank of the United States
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-Created by Hamilton
-A national bank to give loans in time of need (war) -regulated a national currency -regulated banking practices across the U.S. |
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Hamiltonian Federalists
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People who opposed Hamilton's financial system
-included Madison and Jefferson Program inluded: 1)taxation on imports and excise on whiskey (95% of imports came from Britain) 2)Assume state debts 3) New bonds to replace war bonds 4) National Bank 5)Manufacturing-Hamilton envisioned the U.S. as having many factories (immigrants come to work in factories) and promote manufacturing by providing cash incentives 6)Jay's Treaty-w/Britain-Hamilton wanted to be like Britain |
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Jeffersonian Republicans
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People who supported Hamilton's financial system
1)Taxation is necessary-only on imports not on whiskey (Virginia was a major whiskey producer-Jefferson and Madison were from Virginia) 2)Assumption of debt was unfair to responsible states (Virginia had little debt unlike Massachusetts and New York-Hamilton was from NY) 3)Unfair to replace war bonds with new because war bond holders had already sold their bonds to investors 4)Against a national bank because it was modeled after the bank of England-wanted to raise money through stock 5) Manufacturing could lead to more debt-a diff approach to life-bosses and workers-less liberty 6)Upset that Jays Treaty insults France and humiliates ourselves |
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French Revolution
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Britain vs. France in 1793
-wanted to get rid of monarchy (in many ways, modeled on the American Revolution) -French wanted to spread their ideals across Europe (Republic!) -Britain became concerned (Monarchy!) -War brought in the U.S. because French and U.S. were allies but Hamilton wanted to be on Britain's side |
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Jay's Treaty
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1795-1796
-treaty with Great Britain during the war between Britain and France -U.S. was neutral-couldn't afford it while trying to build their own country -Britain was taking American men off ships going to France and using them to help in war -Britain still had military forts West of the Appalachians-didn't remove because states still owed them money -John Jay went to Great Britain and negotiated: 1)Britain leaves posts 2) America agrees to pay back debts 3)Britain can still stop ships tat they felt were aiding the French |
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Democratic-Republican Clubs
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-Created by Jefferson and Madison
-supported France -rallies against federalists |
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John Adams
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-was a federalist who supported Washington-NOT Hamilton
-inherited the presidency when many Americans opposed Jay's Treaty -Jefferson was vice president |
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Quasi War
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?
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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1798-Federalists were voted out during a tie among two republicans for the election of 1800
-mainly voted out due to the alien and sedition acts -directed at Republican newspapers that were attacking the Federalists -Treasonists were attacking administration -Many people believed it went too far and therefore federalists were not liked during the election |
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XYZ Affair
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-France began to seize American trade ships as well so the XYZ affair was a negotiation that turned into a huge bribe to stop seizing American ships
-Many people wanted Adams to go to war with France but Adams didn't-instead he negotiated and avoided war -France stopped seizing the ships |
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Thomas Jefferson
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-Election of 1800 ended in a tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr
-Election went to the House, but the House ended in a tie as well -Hamilton eventually influenced the Federalists to vote for Jefferson (he believed Burr was untrustworthy) Burr became vice -Jefferson wanted a virtuous Republic reestablished 1)public good over private gain -couldn't take back new bonds and couldn't get rid of national bank 2) wanted to reduce national debt as much as possible-by cutting government spending costs such as military budget 3) wanted to ensure that American farmers could pursue their life style *Wanted more land-along Mississippi River |
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Treaty of San Ildefonso
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A secret treaty made between Spain and France when Jefferson became president
-France gained control of Louisiana (the land between Mississippi and Rocky Mountains-included New Orleans) and Spain kept Florida -France had great power and army and was much stronger than Spain so Jefferson was concerned and thought they needed to consider an alliance with Britain and build a strong navy |
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Louisiana Purchase
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-Jefferson wanted Livingston to buy New Orleans and Florida from France (New Orleans controlled the river and thought France had Florida)
-Napoleon was preoccupied with slave rebellion in Haiti and accepted Livingston deal and counter-offered all of Louisiana -1803 for 15 million dollars, the deal was made-the Louisiana Purchase |
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embargo
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-During the Napoleanic wars between France and Britain, the U.S. was bringing goods to both sides through ships.
-both sides became upset and demanded the ships stopped in their countries first. -Jefferson retaliated with an embargo on all trade (1807-1809) -turned out to be an economic disaster for U.S. because it hurt merchants and traders more than Britain and France |
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War Hawks
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-People who pushed James Madison to start a war with Britain
-Upset because Napoleon had said they would stop messing with the carrying trade and Madison agreed (but Napoleon had lied, they did not stop) -Britain was also continuing to mess with the carrying trade -Madison eventually went to war in 1812 |
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War of 1812
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-Madison declared war on Britain because they did not stop messing with the carrying trade
-two days before, Britain removed the restrictions on the carrying trade but it was too late!! -Tecumseh was fighting on Britain's side until he was killed by an American -ended on a draw, no one won: Britain didnt have the power to fight this war on foreign soil but they made their point-that the U.S. was not ready to fight a war -U.S. became bankrupt |
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
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CALHOUN
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Corps of Discovery
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Sacagawea
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CALHOUN
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The Prophet
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Passed out and when he woke up, told everyone he had talked to the master of life and he told him to lead a resistance unit against the Americas
-led the shawnee over into the American side as a sign of defiance -said he would help lead the Indians to salvation from the Americans |
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Tecumseh
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The Prophets brother-a disciple who was much more practical, political (less religious, and a great warrior
-he also despised what the Americans had done to the Shawnee -became an important political figure -was upset that the Americans were taking advantage of the Indians so he united the Inidans to fight against the US and wanted to form an alliance with the British in Canada -by 1811 he had a military alliance with British and had united Indian front in north -went to south to unite them, but the Prophet fought during this time and was defeated -After the Battle of Tippacanoe, Prophet's credibility was ruined and Tecumseh became the new leader |
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Treaty of Greenville
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A treaty signed between the U.S. and the Shawnee tribe
-Shawnee had the land in Indiana/Ohio region and Americans were pushing into these lands during the westward expansion -1794 was a military confrontation -treaty said the Shawnee had to give up most of their land in Ohio except the far western section -treaty was largely ignored by the whites-they continued to move into the Shawnee territory -Shawnee's were humiliated and frustrated that the treaty was not being inforced |
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William Henry Harrison
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-Governor of the Ohio territory
-Upset with the Prophet-asked him to perform a miracle (sun standing still-total sun eclipse) -brought a large army to Tippacanoe and defeated the Indians |
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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-Governor Harrison brought a large army to Tippacanoe and The Prophet ignored Tecumseh (wanted him to wait until he had united the south)
-Indians were badly defeated without Tecumseh |
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Battle of the Thames
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?
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American System
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-At the end of the War of 1812, in 1815 the Republicans proposed changes known as the American System
-called for another national bank -called for federal government to protect and promote American Manufacturing by taxing foreign nations so they could compete with foreign goods -supported internal improvement to form better roads and canals |
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Andrew Jackson
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-Won the final battle of the War of 1812 in New Orleans (1815-draw)
-Monroe ordered him to drive Spain out of Georgia and Jackson placed a flag in Florida, claiming it as U.S. territory -Forced Spain to negotiate |
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Adams-Onis Transcontinental Treaty
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-Spain was forced to negotiate with the U.S. but they were weak and in no position to fight a war
-In 1819 the treaty was signed and U.S. got Florida and a distinct line was drawn between U.S. and Spain territory |
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Monroe Doctrine
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European colonies were looking greedily at the land Spain had lost
-U.S. created the Doctrine to keep European colonies from forming new colonies in the western hemisphere due to different political views and values -U.S. would not intervene in Europe-wanted to stay neutral and independent |
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Missouri Compromise
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-Missouri was the first state created in the Louisiana Purchase land
-wanted to become a slave state (south supported) but north did not want the land to become slave territory and also wanted the slave/free state ratio to remain even -Missouri Compromise created a line and below the line was slave states and north of the line was free states -Maine admitted as free and Missouri as slave |
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Panic of 1819
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Loans were given out from the second national bank, people bought land in west, sold crops at a high price
-1819-prices dropped and people couldn't pay back their loans -huge economic depression -people became distrustful to the bank and the American System |
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Henry Clay
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Possibly rigged the election of 1824 by convincing his supporters to vote for Adams and then Adams named Clay secretary of state
-became rivals with jackson because he: 1)joined the Whig Party (republican replacement) 2)supported the American System |
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Democratic Party
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Jackson was the leader of this new party that had growing opposition to the American System and had more focus on ordinary people
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The Eaton Affair
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Peggy Eaton married John (Jackson's campaign manager and close friend)
-Peggy was married to another man when she met john and her former husband committed suicide-Eaton Affair |
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John Calhoun
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Jackson's vice president-had a falling out because he was against Peggy and Jackson took it personally
-Jackson also learned that Calhoun had been against his Florida experience -Became upset over the tariff passed on foreign goods in 1816 and argued that states reserved the right to reject/nullify any Federalist law -Calhoun threatened to leave the union when Jackson sent troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff |
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Nullification Crisis
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Calhoun claimed to leave the union if Jackson enforced the tariff on foreign goods
-1832-1833 -resolved by Calhoun agreeing to a lower rate tariff and the troops were removed |
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Nicholas Biddle
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-head of the second bank of the U.S.
-Jackson wanted him gone -1832 Biddle wanted to renew the banks charter-jackson was upset-it was during an election year -Jackson refused to sign the new bank charter and the bank died -Jackson took out the money and put it into state and local banks -Jackson wanted to kill the bank but moving the money caused another serious economic crisis in 1837 |
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Trail of Tears
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After the Indian removal bill was passed, 10,000 Indians were moved west into Louisiana Purchase Land
-many Indians died along the way leaving a "trail of tears" -were moved because jackson wanted the Indians removed from their homeland and wanted the whites to occupy the land -however, these indians had been extremely cooperative and signed treaties, learned English, and manufactured |
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Martin Van Buren
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-Became Jackson's closest political ally
-Became president in 1837 |
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Whig Party
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Party that replaced the Republican party and supported the American system
-clay joined them |
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Eli Whitney
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Inventor who invented the cotton gin in 1793
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cotton gin
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-A mechanism to separate seeds from the cotton-a crank machine
-made it easier to get seeds from short-staple cotton -cotton became the main crop of the south by 1860 |
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short-staple cotton
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-grew best in the south but very difficult to extract the seeds by hand
-wasn't viewed as profitable until after the cotton gin was invented -long-staple cotton grew best on the coast and seeds could be easily taken out -short-staple cotton became important because many people were moving farther and farther from the coast -cotton was not "king cotton" during the colonial era until the cotton gin was invented -cotton became the main crop of the south-75% of the worlds cotton came from the south by 1860 -was shipped to factories in northern U.S. and England to make clothing |
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WIlliam Brown
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-A slave in the south
-whipped by the overseer |
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overseers
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-whites that oversee the slaves and are the primary giver of discipline
-usually non-slave holders |
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slave drivers
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Mammy
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-A woman slave who tended to raise the white children
-white children often became very attached to their Mammy and often played with slave kids -eventually white kids would possibly have to sell and discipline their mammy's and friends |
