Us Government Ii (Chapter 19)

Front 1

isolationism

Back 1

a national policy of avoiding participation in foreign affairs

Front 2

unilateralism

Back 2

a national policy of acting without consulting others

Front 3

moralism

Back 3

the policy of emphasizing morality in foreign affairs

Front 4

pragmatism

Back 4

the policy of taking advantage of a situation for national gain

Front 5

Washington's Farewell Address

Back 5

Washington's 1796 final address as president in which he declared that the United States should avoid becoming involved in foreign alliances.

Front 6

Barbary Wars

Back 6

Conflicts the United States fought in the early eighteenth century with North African states against their piracy

Front 7

impressment

Back 7

The British practice in the early eighteenth century of stopping ships at sea to seize sailors suspected of having deserted the Royal Navy

Front 8

Embargo Act

Back 8

Passed by Congress in 1807 to prevent U.S. ships from leaving U.S. ports for foreign ports without the approval of the federal government

Front 9

War of 1812

Back 9

Fought between the United States and Great Britain over impressment and U.S. territorial designs on Canada

Front 10

Monroe Doctrine

Back 10

President James Monroe's 1823 pledge that the United States would oppose attempts by European states to extend their political control into the Western Hemisphere

Front 11

tariffs

Back 11

taxes on imports used to raise government revenue and to protect infant industries

Front 12

manifest destiny

Back 12

theory that the United States was divinely mandated to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean

Front 13

Spanish-American War

Back 13

Brief 1898 war against Spain because of Spanish brutality in Cuba and U.S. desire to attain overseas territory

Front 14

Roosevelt Corollary

Back 14

Concept developed by President Theodore Roosevelt early in the twentieth century that it was the U.S. responsibility to assure stability in Latin America and the Carribbean

Front 15

collective security

Back 15

the concept that peace would be secured if all countries collectively opposed any country that invaded another

Front 16

League of Nations

Back 16

created in the peace treaty that ended World War I, it was an international governmental organization dedicated to preserving peace

Front 17

Pearl Harbor

Back 17

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, initiating U.S. entry into World War II.

Front 18

United Nations

Back 18

an international governmental organization created shortly before the end of World War II to guarantee the security of nations and to promote global economic, physical, and social well-being.

Front 19

international governmental organization (IGO)

Back 19

an organization created by the governments of at least two and often many countries that operates internationally with the objectives of achieving the purposes that the member countries agree upon

Front 20

Bretton Woods Agreement

Back 20

international financial agreement signed shortly before the end of World War II that created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

Front 21

International Monetary Fund

Back 21

International governmental organization created shortly before the end of World War II to stabilize international financial relations through fixed monetary exchange rates

Front 22

World Bank

Back 22

International governmental organziation created shortly before the end of World War II to provice loans for large economic development projects

Front 23

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Back 23

Devised shortly after World War II as an interim agreement until a World Trade Organization could be created to help lower tariffs and increase trade

Front 24

multilateralism

Back 24

the U.S. foreign policy that actions should be taken in cooperation with other states after consultation

Front 25

Truman Doctrine

Back 25

U.S. policy initiated in 1947 of providing economic assistance and military aid to countries fighting against communist revolutions or political pressure

Front 26

Marshall Plan

Back 26

European Recovery Program, named after Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, of extensive U.S. aid to Western Europe after World War II

Front 27

containment

Back 27

strategy to oppose expansion of Soviet power, particularly in Western Europe and East Asia, with military power, economic assistance, and political influence

Front 28

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Back 28

the first peacetime military treaty the United States joined, NATO is a regional political and military organization created i 1950

Front 29

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 29

the 1962 confrontation that nearly escalated into war between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet deployment of medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba

Front 30

Vietnam War

Back 30

Between 1965 and 1973, the United States deployed up to 500,000 troops to Vietnam to try to prevent North Vietnam from taking over South Vietnam; the effort failed and was extremely divisive within the United States

Front 31

detente

Back 31

the relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred during the 1970s

Front 32

Nixon Doctrine

Back 32

the policy implemented at the end of the Vietnam War that the United States would provide arms and military equipment to countries but not do the fighting for them

Front 33

human rights

Back 33

the belief that human beings have inalienable rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion

Front 34

Iranian hostage crisis

Back 34

Crisis during the Carter administration when Iranian students with support of the Iranian government took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran, holding all the personnel hostage.

Front 35

Carter Doctrine

Back 35

policy announced after the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan that the Persian Gulf area was a vital U.S. interest and the United States would fight to maintain access to it

Front 36

Reagan Doctrine

Back 36

Policy that the United States would provide military assistance to anti-communist groups fighting against pro-Soviet governments

Front 37

Operation Desert Storm

Back 37

the 1991 American-led attack against Iraq to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait

Front 38

engagement

Back 38

Policy implemented during the Clinton administration that the United States would remain actively involved in foreign affairs

Front 39

enlargement

Back 39

Policy implemented during the Clinton administration that the United States would actively promote the expansion of democracy and free markets throughout the world

Front 40

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Back 40

Internation governemntal organization created in 1995 that manages multilateral negotiations to reduce barriers to trade and settle trade disputes

Front 41

Department of State

Back 41

Chief executive-branch department responsible for formulation and implementation of U.S. foreign policy

Front 42

Department of Defense

Back 42

Chief executive-branch department responsible for formulation and implementation of U.S. military policy

Front 43

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Back 43

Executive agency responsible for collection and analysis of information about foreign countries and events

Front 44

National Security Council (NSC)

Back 44

executive agency responsible for advising the president about foreign and defense policy and events

Front 45

Department of Homeland Security

Back 45

Cabinet department created after the 9/11 attacks to coordinate domestic U.S. security efforts against terrorism

Front 46

War Powers Act

Back 46

Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period

Front 47

military-industrial complex

Back 47

the grouping of the U.S. armed forces and defence industries

Front 48

nongovernmental organization

Back 48

an organization that is not tied to a government

Front 49

al-Qaeda

Back 49

Worldwide terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden; responsible for numerous terrorist attacks against U.S. interests, including 9/11 attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon

Front 50

Taliban

Back 50

Fundamentalist Islamic government of Afghanistan that provided terrorist training bases for al-Qaeda

Front 51

war on terrorism

Back 51

Initiated by George W. Bush after the September 11, 2001, attacks to weed out terrorist operatives throughout the world, using diplomacy, military means, improved homeland security, stricter banking laws, and other means

Front 52

Strategic Offensive Arms Reduction Treaty

Back 52

2002 U.S.-Russian treaty that reduced the number of nuclear warheads in each side's arsenals respectively to about 1,700 and 2,200, the lowest total in decades

Front 53

weapons of mass destruction

Back 53

biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons, which present a sizeable threat to U.S. security

Front 54

information warfare

Back 54

attacks against information and communication systems, which present a sizeable threat to U.S. security

Front 55

Kyoto Conference on Global Climate Change

Back 55

1997 international conference to develop agreements to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming

Front 56

grand strategy

Back 56

the choices a government makes to balance and apply economic, military, diplomatic and other resources to preserve the nation's people, territory and values