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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Constituency |
The district making up the area from which an official is elected. |
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Delegate |
A representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency. |
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Trustee |
A representative who votes based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency. |
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Agency Representative. |
The type of representation according to which reps are held accountable to their constituents if they fail to represent them properly. |
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Money bill |
A bill concerned solely with taxation or government spending. |
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Incumbency |
Holding the political office for which one is running for reelection. |
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Casework |
An effort by members of congress to gain the trust and support of constituents by providing personal services. |
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Patronage |
The resources available to higher officials, like giving special favors. |
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Pork-barrel legislation. |
The appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects not need but to ensure reelection. |
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Gerrymandering |
The apportionment of voters in districts to give an unfair advantage to one political party. |
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Party Caucus or Conference. |
A closed meeting of congress members to elect their house representative and plan strategies. |
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Speaker of the House |
The chief presiding officer of the house of representatives. |
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Majority leader |
The elected leader of the party holding a majority of the seats in the house of representatives or in senate. |
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Minority leader |
The elected leader of the party holding less seats in the house or senate. |
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Standing committee |
A permanent legislative committee that considers legislation within its designated subject area. |
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Seniority |
The ranking given to an indivdiual based on continual service on a committee. |
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Closed rule |
Committee prohibiting the introduction of amendments during a debate. |
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Open rule |
Committee that permits floor debate and amendments to a bill. |
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Filibuster |
A tactic used in senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking untill the majority backs down. it requires a 3/5ths of senate to end one. |
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cloture |
A rule allowing a super majority of the members of a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a bill. |
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veto |
The presidents constitutional power to turn down acts of congress within 10 days, which can be overridden by a 2/3 vote in house and senate. |
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Pocket veto |
A veto that occurs because the president takes no action to approve the bill and congress adjourns. |
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Party vote |
50% of one party vote one way and the other 50% vote another way. |
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Roll call vote |
Each legislatures vote is recorded. |
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Whip system |
A communications network to poll members of congress and learn their intentions on a topic. |
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Log rolling |
An agreement between two or more members of congress that have nothing in common except the need for support. |
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Oversight |
The effort by congress to excercise control over the activities of executive agencies. |
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Executive agreeement |
An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the senates consent. |
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Impeachment. |
Charging the president with treason, bribery, or other high crimes and bringing him before congress. |
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Distributive tendency |
The tendency of congress to spread the benefits of a policy over a wide range of members districts. |
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What is Mayhews view on congress primary role? |
Congress main purpose is re-election, large focus on constituents and committees allow for specialization |
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What is femos view on congress primary role? |
Constituents |
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What are the four types of constituents according to femo? |
Geographic (area they cover). Re-election (possible voters). Primary (previous voters, supporters). Personal (closest allies) |
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What is hibbings view on congress primary role? |
Representation. Sometimes it's important to ignore the people and too representation can be a bad thing. |
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What are the four roles of the presidency? |
Chief diplomat. Commander in chief. Chief administrator. Chief legislator. |
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What are the jobs of chief diplomat? |
Sins treaties, negotiates with heads of states. |
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What are the jobs of commander in chief |
Civilian head of the military. |
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What are the jobs of chief adminisrator. |
Appoints cabinet members. |
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What are the jobs of chief legislator. |
Executive orders, and gives directions to tell someone else what to do. |
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Executive order |
A way around congress to get things done. Limited in power due to the next president can write a new executive order to get rid of a previous executive order, they are less permanent. |
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Veto |
President can override a bill passed in congress, but can be overridden by two thirds vote in both house and senate. |
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Signing statement. |
If a bill is passed the executive branch will make an announcement of their interpretation of the bill. |
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veto process |
Both houses pass a bill, the president signs a veto or pocket vetos, but then can be overriden by two thirds vote. |
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New deal. |
Created for a more powerful leading president. Cabinet appointed by president confirmed by congress. |
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How are cabinet members appointed? |
Members are appointed by the president and confirmed by congress. |
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Name four formal resources of presidential power |
The cabinet. White house staff. Executive office. First lady. |
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Name three people that have written theories of presidential success. |
Newstadt. Skowronek. Jones. |
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What is Newstadts theory on presidential success? |
An individualized view of presidential success. In order to be successful a presidency needs: The power to persuade. The ability to bargain and negotiate. A profession reputation. Public prestige. |
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What is Skowroneks theory on presidential success? |
4 key points of regime theory President of reconstruction (Ronald Reagan). President of disjunction ( Carter). President of articulation (The Bush's). President of pre-emption ( Clinton, Obama). |
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Define president of reconstruction. |
Begins a regime, has the power and authority to make new mandates, is a part of a united government. |
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Define president of dis-junction. |
End of a regime, trying to hold on cause congress doesn't agree with any policies, is a part of a divided government. |
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Define president of articulation. |
Most frequent middle of regime ( same party as reconstruction regime. |
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Define president of pre-emption |
Opposite political party, doesn't have to remain faithful to old regime, often get impeache. |
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What is jones theory about presidential success. |
Institution focused, president is only one person, has a dominant perspective which means a powerful perspective. Alternative perspective is 1 person authority / powers are diffused. |
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expressed powers |
Powers given by the constitution to the federal government. |
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delegated powers. |
Constitutional powers assigned to one agency but exercised by another. |
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Inherent powers. |
powers claimed by a president that arent in the constituion but are inherent. |
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Executive agreement. |
An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but doesnt need senates advice or consent. |
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Executive privilege |
Communications between the president and his close advisors should not be revealed without the presidents consent. |
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Line item veto |
The presidential power to veto specific provisions in a bill. |
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War powers resolution. |
A resolution of congress declaring that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of congress or is US troops are already under attack or seriously threatened. |
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legislative initiative. |
The presidents inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before congress. |
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Define the Cabinet. |
The secretaries, or cheif administrators of the major departments of the federal government, oppointed by president approved by senate. |
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National security council. |
A presidential foreign policy advisory council comprising the president, vice president, secretaries of state, defense, treasury and attorney general. and other invited guests. |
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Name the four major groups of institutional presidency. |
The white house staff. Independent agencies and gov. corporations. The cabinet. Executive office of the president. |
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Name two positions in the white house staff. |
Chief of staff. press secretary. |
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Name two positions in the the cabinet. |
Department of veterans affairs. Department of defense. |
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Name two positions in independent agencies and government corporations. |
C.I.A. E.P.A. |
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Name two positions in the executive office. |
National security council. White house office. |
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How many members in congress? (senate and House) |
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How many members in the senate
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100 |
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How many members in the house |
435 |
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what is the age requirement for the house, the senate and the presidency? |
30 for the senate. 35 for the president. |
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what are 2 differences between the house and senate? |
How long they serve between elections. |
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How many federal district courts? |
94 |
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how many judicial circuits (court of appeals)?
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13 |
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How many justices? |
9 |
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what circuit is South Carolina? |
4th circuit. |
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Who is the majority leader? |
Eric cantor in the house. |
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Who is the speaker of the house
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Who is the Vice president.
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Joe Biden. |
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What did Hamilton talk about in fed #78? |
That the judiciary branch is the least dangerous branch of all branches. It neither has the power of the purse or the sword. |
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What did Gerald Rosenburg write about the courts?
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A Constraint and dynamic view on weather courts could can/cant have social powers.
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What is Rosenburgs constraint view? |
They are weak, ineffective and have no implementation powers, they need other branches. |
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What is Rosenburgs dynamic view? |
The courts are powerful by themselves, don't need other branches and can create social policy. |
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Name 3 supreme court justices.
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Sony Sotomayor (first female latino) Antonin Scalia |
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What did article 1,2,3 cover. |
Article 2 covered executive. Article 3 covered judiciary. |
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What did the judiciary act of 1789 cover?
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set the number of justices to 6, created a 3 tier system and created circuit riding,. |
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Name the three tiers of the state courts.
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Trail courts. Appellate courts. Supreme courts. |
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Name the three tiers of the federal three tier system.
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District courts. Court of appeals. Supreme court. |
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What did the judiciary act of 1801 do. |
reduced the number justices. Created new judgeships. Eliminated circuit riding. |
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Who decides how many justices there are?
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Congress.
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Where do you start when filing a federal case.
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The district courts. |
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What did Marbury vs Madison establish?
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Judicial review. |
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What is judicial review?
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How do justices choose cases?
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certiorari pool Discuss the list. conference. briefs. oral argument. Conference. opinions and dissents. |
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What is majority opinion? |
The written explanation of the courts decision in a case. |
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What is Concurring opinion.
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Aggress with the decision but not its reason. |
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What is dissenting opinion |
The justices don't agree with the decision or reason.
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who is the 4th female jusctice. |
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What is jusdicial restraint.
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The judicial philosophy to not go beyond the text of the constitution.
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What is judicial activism. |
A judicial philosophy where the court should look past the text of the constitution in determining cases. |
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Original intent. |
Courts decide what is right and wrong based on what the framers would have wanted. |
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Living constitutionalism. |
The constitution is an living, evolving document, and the courts should look at it with a modern eye. |
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Class action suit. |
Large numbers of people with similar cases to file together. |
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Oral argument.
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The stage where representatives present their case and answer questions to the justices. |
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Amicus curiae |
A friend of the court. |
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Brief. |
A written document why a court should rule in his or her clients favor. |
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Writ of certiorari. |
A formal request to have the supreme court review a decision of a lower court.
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Standing |
The right for an individual to initiate a court case. |
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Ripeness |
A case that is ready for litigation. |
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Mootness |
A way for courts to avoid hearing old cases. |
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Senatorial courtesy |
The president finds out wiether or not the senate will approve a person for judgeship. Robert Bork is an example. was nominated by the president but not by senate. |
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Chief Justice. |
The justice on the supreme court who presides over the courts sessions. |
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Criminal law
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The branch of law that involves cases of criminal penalties.
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Civil law
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The branch of law that involves non criminal cases like private law and governmental actions. |
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The senate has the power to approve treaties with what
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A 2/3's vote |
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What is not an example of an administrative strategy for the president.
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Appointments. |
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Define civil rights. |
Legal and moral claims citizens place on the government.
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Standing committees.
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Permanent committees in congress. |
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Define precedents.
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prior cases whose principles are used judges as the bases for their decision in present cases. |
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Public law. |
Cases involving the actions of public agencies or officials. |
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Supremacy clause.
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A federal laws supersede all state laws.
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