Us Foreign Policy Mid-Term

Front 1

Exceptionalism

Back 1

A widely held sense of national distinctiveness or superiority, exampified by Americans' traditional view of their nation as a "city upon a hill."

Front 2

Hegemon

Back 2

One nation-state that exertss a controlling influence over other countries and societies that falls short of formal political authority.

Front 3

Soft power

Back 3

The attractiveness of a nation's political and cultural values to other states and societies that enhances the nation's ability to gain support from other government for its policy goals.

Front 4

Bretton Woods agreements

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A series of agreementsapproved by the United States and other market economis i 1944 that led to the creation of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

Front 5

Collective security

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A system of preventing interstate conflict in which world leaders renounce war as an instrument of statecraft and then pledge to defend each other in the case of aggression. a hallmark of the League of Nations.

Front 6

Manifest destiny

Back 6

A belief popular in the US that the nation had God's blessing to expand and assume political control of a wider population.

Front 7

Bipolar balance of power

Back 7

A global power structure in which two countries maintain a predominant share of resources and form rival blocs to offset each other's advantages.

Front 8

Collective security

Back 8

A system of preventing interstate conflict in which world leaders renounce war as an instrument of statecraft and then pledge to defend each other in the case of aggression. A hallmark of the Leage of Nations.

Front 9

New World Order

Back 9

President George H.W. Bush's characterization of the emerging post-cold war international system, emphasizing democratization, economic globalization and multilateral cooperation.

Front 10

Unilateralism

Back 10

The pursuit of foreign policy objectives without the collaboration or assistance of other governments.

Front 11

Vietnam Syndrome

Back 11

National salf doubts in the United States in the late 1960' and 1970s as the nation's involvement and defeat in the Vietnam War led to a weakened sense of US primacy and moral superiority.

Front 12

Analogies

Back 12

Familiar and comparable precedents that allow foreign policy makers to understand and solve current policy problems.

Front 13

Bounded rationality

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A decision-making environment characterized by an influx of more information than can be mannaged effectively, leading to policy decisions that do ot fully xibdien ri arBSesa id eRUIBkurt,

Front 14

Bureaucratic politics model

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A model of policy making that emphasizes inherent conflicts if ubterest among government agencies. The state is perceived as an aarena of bureaucratic struggle rather than a unitary actor".

Front 15

Cognitive consistency

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The common, subconscious tendency of individuals to perceive new information as consistent with their preexisting belief systems.

Front 16

Groupthink

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Dysfunctional collective decision making characterized by a stron sense of a gdroup;s moral righteousness, closed-mindedness, and pressures toward conformity.

Front 17

Neoconservatism

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A school of thought pdrominent in the George W. Bush administration that called for the regular, overwhelming, and potentially unilateral use of US military force to create a world order that reflected the nation's normative values and replicated its systems of political economy.

Front 18

Neorealism

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A variant of realist theory focusing on the anarchic nature of the international system as the ultimate and inevitable cause of interstate conflicts.

Front 19

Rational actors

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Foreign policy makers who, in the view of realist theory, weigh their options based on common understandings of key problems and clear calculations of the costs and benefits.

Front 20

Security dilemma

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The destabilizing effect of military expansion by one state, even for defensive purposes, as other states respond by expanding their armed forces.

Front 21

Selective perception

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the process by which people tend to seek out information that reinforces their worldviews while ignoring or dismissing contradictory information.

Front 22

Standard operating procedures

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consistant routinemeasures for addressing commonly encountered problems in public policyy, stresses, continuity, over change and a high level of internal order.

Front 23

Two level game

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A situation in which foreign policy matters simultaneously negotiate with their foreign counterparts and domestic actors (public and private) who have a stake in the policy process.

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Unitary actors

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a model of naational decision making that assumes that foreign policy makers act in a united fashion to make decisions in the name of the "national inerest" A central tenet of realist theory.

Front 25

Iron triangle

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The alliance of international interest grops, congressional committees, and corresponding executive branch agencies to carry out policies of mutual concern on the exclusion of other policy actors or outside intersts.

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Military industrial complex

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an alignment of US defense and private economic interests identified by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1961 as a potential threat to the nation's democracy and security.

Front 27

Monroe Doctrine

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Proclamation by President James Monroe in 1823 that politically separated the United States from Europe and declared future colonization in the Western Hemisphere a threat to US national security.

Front 28

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

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President Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 expansion of the Monroe Doctrine proclaiming that the united States had authority to act as an "international Police power" outside its borders in order to maintain stability in the Western Hemisphere.

Front 29

Munich Conference 1938

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need to look up

Front 30

Appeasement

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need to look up

Front 31

Truman Doctrine

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President Harry Truman's pledge to provide military aid to Greece and Turkey to help overcome internal communist revolts and, more broadly, to support "free peoples who are resisting attempempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures".

Front 32

Berlin Airlift (1948)

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Need to look up

Front 33

Containment

Back 33

The US strategy devised by US diplomat George Kennan at the start of the cold war to prevent Soviet expansion. A midrange alternativve to the extremes of US withdrawal from global activism and direct miliatary conflict with the Soviet Union.

Front 34

Domino Theory

Back 34

Widespread view within the US government early in the cold war that a communist victory in one country woyld lead to a succession of additional victories in neighboring states.

Front 35

Mutual Assured Destruction

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A nuclear stalemate that occurs when two nuclear-equipped adversaries credibly promise massive retaliation against each other in the event of an attack.

Front 36

Cuban Missile Crisis

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need to looked up

Front 37

Bay of Pigs

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need to looked up

Front 38

Coldwar consensus

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to look up

Front 39

NATO

Back 39

look up

Front 40

Warsaw Pact

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look up

Front 41

Marshall Plan

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Named after President Harry Truman's secretary of state, George Marshall, a US foreign policy initiative approved in 1947 that provided US allies with economic aid tto hasten their recovery after World War II.

Front 42

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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Resolution approved by Congress in 1964 authorizing President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures" to protect US forces supporting the government of South Vietnam.

Front 43

Nixon Doctrine

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need to look up

Front 44

Carter Doctrine

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need to look up

Front 45

detente

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A policy devised by Henry Kissinger, national security adviser and secretary of state under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, to case tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Front 46

SALT treaties

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need to look up

Front 47

Reagan Doctrine

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need to look up

Front 48

Gorbachev

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Russian leader

Front 49

Iran-Contra

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Need to look up

Front 50

Tienanmen Square

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Student revolt in China

Front 51

Bush doctrine

Back 51

A set of foreign policy principles and strategies, including the possible launching of preventative wars, devised by President George W Bush in the aftermath of September 2001 terrorist attacks.

Front 52

Preemptive War

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A military attack initiated by one country whose leaders believe an attack from another country is imminent.

Front 53

Preventative War

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A military attack initiated gy one country whose leaders believe an emerging challenger presents a long-term threat, theregy eliminating the threaat before it materializes.

Front 54

Helms Burton

Back 54

Congressional legislation passed in 1996 imposing penalties on foreign countries that benefit economically from confiscated US property in Cuba.