Us Foreign Policy

Front 1

Who's National Interest?:
-must enhance security
-must maximize power
-must prevent other states from prominence
-must prevento others from dominating military resources
-rational, visible, enduring

Back 1

Realist's National Interest

Front 2

What Ideology?:
-"IR is a competition for the power necessary to guarentee national security"
-military power is often national poower
-no moral obligations

Back 2

Realism

Front 3

What sub-ideology?:
-"Every predominance, or move toward predominance, represent a threat to the other states in the international system"
-Any powerful state likely will use its power to augment its power, aggressively, if necessary

Back 3

Militant Realism

Front 4

What sub-ideology?
-"There can be a slippage between the distribution of power and the perception of threat"
-Revisionist are threatening, while status quo states are not

Back 4

Diplomatic Realism

Front 5

Concept of increasing the state's power resources in 4 ways:
-strengthening armed forces and bottomw of economy
-focusing policy on resource heavy regions
-creating economic policy designed to produce relative gains
-using military force when it maintains the state's prestige or reputation

Back 5

Internal Balancing

Front 6

Concept of altering the distribution of power abroad in 3 ways:
-manipulating the system of interstate alliances
-tolerate spheres of influence
-weaken adversary states

Back 6

External Balancing

Front 7

-prying away its allies
-weakening hold on sphere of influence
-stopping trade
-removing hostile gov't
-waging preemptive war
-fighting wars to prevent status quo disturbance

Back 7

6 Tactics to weaken states

Front 8

-Power and National Security
-Domestic Impact Conception
-Ideological Principle Conception

Back 8

3 concepts of National Interest

Front 9

-power
-spheres of influence
-absence of principles

Back 9

Power, National Security Conception of NI

Front 10

-what would improve lives of citizens
-foreign policy relates to citizens of state

Back 10

Domestic Impact Conception of NI

Front 11

-policy is central to country's values
-use democracy to promote justice, peace

Back 11

Ideological Principle Conception of NI

Front 12

Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles

Back 12

Four P's

Front 13

P associated with Realism, competition of power, and coersion

Back 13

Power

Front 14

P associated with International institutionalism, world order, and diplomacy

Back 14

Peace

Front 15

P associated with economic liberalism, global capitalism, and economy

Back 15

Prosperity

Front 16

P associated with democratic idealism, global democracy, and politics

Back 16

Principles

Front 17

"the overbearing influence of one nation over another"

Back 17

Hegemony

Front 18

theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i.e. Pax Britanica

Back 18

Hegemonic Stability

Front 19

Forbade interference by European powers in the US hemisphere - led to hegemonism in Western Hemisphere

Back 19

Monroe Doctrine

Front 20

US should seek expansion of liberty because states are better when:
-trade is free
-nations are governed democratically
-human rights are honored
-nations have self-determination

Back 20

Liberalism (also economic liberalism or radicalism)

Front 21

Exist and must be honored, and a violation of these harms US

Back 21

Human Rights

Front 22

States need this _____ because:
-people cannot be subordinate
-there are spheres of influence
-foreign domination
-social unrest around the world harms US
-all occurrences of foreign domination are incorrect

Back 22

Self Determination

Front 23

-Needs cooperative interational environments
-US needs more free states

Back 23

Congenial International Environment/Interdependence

Front 24

Foreign Policy Logic that:
-delayed American hegemony
-puts US last among developed countries in foreign aid
-causes unilateralism
-casued continentalism
-from Monroe Doctrine

Back 24

Isolationism

Front 25

-Monroe Doctrine
-American moral superiority
-America escaped monarchs, churches, revolutions, fascism, and nationalism
-National sovereignty and autonomy
-moved away from this in 1940's (WWII)

Back 25

Rootes of Isolationism

Front 26

"Just and amicable feelings towards all nations"
"No permanent attachments or hate for any nations"
"Troubles seperating economic and political ties"

Back 26

Washington's Farewell Address

Front 27

"protecting the US from dangerous side effects of interdependence such as global pandemics and pollution, reducing level of wold armaments, and accelerating economic nations"

Back 27

Internationalism

Front 28

"interdependence does not create vital interests requiring political and military involvement"
"US has sufficient domestic efficiency"
"US has no binding moral obligations abroad"

Back 28

Logic of Isolationism

Front 29

"Promoting liberty is a moral obligation"
"Makes no specific assumptions about the power of the US beyond hte rather general assumption that is has the capability to increase liberty somehow"

Back 29

Logic of Liberalism

Front 30

Fosters peace economically

Back 30

Free Trade

Front 31

The logic that the US has the moral obligation to contribute substantially to solving global problems

Back 31

The Logic of Liberal Internationalism

Front 32

"the US is an imperialistic country, even though it has no significant empire; its empire is informal, long-standing, maintained by a plethora of instruments of intervention

Back 32

Radical Anti-Imerpialism

Front 33

EEIIUA Emphasis on Military; Executive Branch Dominance, Ignorance, Isolationsm, Unilateralism, Arrogance

Back 33

7 Sins of US foreign policy

Front 34

Policy used by US towards Soviet Union

Back 34

Containment

Front 35

Confrences that established Soviet Union as a reasonable rational power that can be dealt with with diplomatically

Back 35

Yalta Conferences

Front 36

Conferences that established Soviet Union as a ideolically driven country that cannot be dealt with

Back 36

Riga Axioms

Front 37

Truman's plan to rebuild Europe to prevent Soviet take ever

Back 37

Truman Doctrine

Front 38

The promotion by the US of any government opposed to communism regardless of human rights violations

Back 38

ABC Democrats

Front 39

System of politics-economy most countries fell into after WWII

Back 39

Social-democracy

Front 40

Russian event that preceded WWII and US-Soviet tensions

Back 40

Russian Civil War

Front 41

Conference held after Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia

Back 41

Munich Conference

Front 42

Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself

Back 42

Finlandization

Front 43

Conferences that established IMF, GATT, and WB

Back 43

Bretton Woods Conference

Front 44

-roll back communism (aggression)
-negotiations of many disagreements (diplomacy)
-appeasement
-containment/isolation of USSR

Back 44

4 Options towards Soviet Russia

Front 45

-ideolical threat of communism
-military threat of the red army
-security dilemma

Back 45

Faults of Containment

Front 46

Unplausible approach to dealing with Soviet Union because of US-Soviet relations

Back 46

Diplomacy

Front 47

policy where one state must see the world from another state's point of view

Back 47

Appeasement

Front 48

pollicy taken by US towards Soviet Union

Back 48

Containment

Front 49

hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning

Back 49

Hawk

Front 50

soft liners; avoid conflict and confrontation; passionate and considerate even if it means a deal of naivety

Back 50

Dove

Front 51

-War is caused by two parties, an aggressor and an appeaser
-Deterrents are necessary b/c aggressors are present and deterrents will succeed
-Credibility of a deterrent can only be demonstrated through capablility and the courage to use it
-Confrontation is necessary, even when the short term interests do no justify it
-Successfully aggressive exhitbit the exhilaration effect
-Appeassing nations exhibit the revenge effect

Back 51

Six Tenants of Appeasement of War

Front 52

-Detterents almost always cause war (security theory)

Back 52

Critiques of Appeassment Theory

Front 53

-states must have the capability and the credibility to utilize deterrents

Back 53

Necessities of Deterrents

Front 54

-Relationship between foreign policy and public opinion
-how one would choose their stance on foreign policy
-processes of foreign policy
-attributes of the public
-decision process

Back 54

Necessities of Public Opinion

Front 55

delegates of people are of the people and are also citizens and share values with their constituents

Back 55

Representative

Front 56

Burkian and Representative delegate

Back 56

Two Types of Delegate

Front 57

Public Opinion - Opinion Submitting - Decision Making

Back 57

Process of public opinion

Front 58

groups that promote public interest such as labor unions and industry groups, pro-life and pro-choice groups, and minority and women's rights groups

Back 58

Economic interest groups/ Issue groups/ identity groups

Front 59

It must have noticeable preferences:
-Should display options and your preference
+show one's opinion as only alternative
+other opinions are ineffective
-Well grounded in a coherent account of the consequences of policy
-Theory of an outcome with an issue (consequences)
-One must understand the facts of the case to further evaluate consequences

Back 59

Valid Opinion makeup

Front 60

-Present options for constituents
-Give stricture and informational content
-Makers may put out pre-made opinions
-Must address attentive public
-Must play a role in public submitting porcess

Back 60

Opinion Maker's duties

Front 61

Opinion Makers - Attentive Public - Opinion Leaders - Mass Public

Back 61

Opinion Flow

Front 62

-How different is mass opinion and lead opinion?
-How interested is the public?
-How knowledgeable is the public?
-What do they believe?
-Are our opinions volatile?

Back 62

5 Questions for Opinion Maker

Front 63

Mass public is far more conservative in trade, intervention, and dimplomacy than policy makers

Back 63

Mass Public Opinion Trends

Front 64

Getting others to do what another says

Back 64

Hard Power

Front 65

Hardliners usually found in south; urbanites are usually internationalists

Back 65

Public opinion dispersion

Front 66

President in 1961
-Bay of Pigs

Back 66

John F. Kennedy

Front 67

-superior economy
-superior military
-geography
-power balance in Eurasia
-Nuclear weapons
-US isolation from foreign conflicts

Back 67

Six Pillars of US security

Front 68

-vigorous foreign policy
-US space program
-called for Cuban "freedom fighters"

Back 68

Kennedy's Domestic Policy

Front 69

-CIA trained rebels trained in Guatemala
-Attacked with B-26 to give illusion that Cuban Air Force had revolted
-US would land 1500 exiles
-no US troops present
-no US detectable presence
-no US air support

Back 69

Kennedy's Conditions for Cuban takeover

Front 70

-Dulles fired
-Castro held exiles
US paid 53 mil. for exiles

Back 70

Result of Bay of Pigs

Front 71

Why was it believed US action could be kept covert?
Why was it believed that B-26's could take out Cuban Air Force?
Why was it believed brigade's moral could overcome Cuba's military
Why was it believed Cuban forces were weak?
Why was it believed that Cubans would revolt?
Why was it believed that the backup place (escape to Escombres) would work?

Back 71

Questions of incompitence of BoP

Front 72

Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person's opinion

Back 72

Cognitive dissidence

Front 73

Rational Actor Model
Organizational Process Model
Bureaucratic Politics Model
Radical (Military Industrial) Model

Back 73

4 Models of Decision Making

Front 74

attributes decisions to the most intelligent; the way people interact often affect decision making and group decisions are often the best guided

Back 74

Group Think

Front 75

-states make deisions and policies as a rational entity
-president represents rational actor "politics stop at the water's edge"
-actor's goals can be achieved through rational process

Back 75

Rational Actor Model

Front 76

1. definition of situation
2. identification of goals
3. identification of options
4. cost benefit analysis

Back 76

5 Sequential Steps of Rational Actor

Front 77

policies as decided and policies as implemented are two different things; decision making and implementation always take place at different places and by different forces

Back 77

Organizational Process Model

Front 78

bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing

Back 78

Bureaucratic Politics Model

Front 79

individuals are not bureaucratically, but socially

Back 79

Radical (Military Inustrial) Model

Front 80

-for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector

Back 80

Bush's stance on international trade

Front 81

-constituency
-party

Back 81

2 factors that make up congressman's stance on trade