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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Corporate Warriors
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Private contractors engaged in the provision of military services
Used by USA increasingly more |
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Cosmopolitan Groups
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Nongovernmental Organizations that seek to influence transnational
problems in world politics Environmental decay, weapons proliferation… |
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Democratic Deficit
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The lack of legal requirements for openness and elected representation in many nongovernmental organizations
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Idea Brokers
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Nongovernmental actors in policy debates who attempt to influence public opinion and government action through the dissemination of research findings and the airing of opinions on a variety of issues
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Lobbying
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A tactic of appealing directly to government officials for support of policy preferences
Commonly used by interest groups |
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Multinational Corporations
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Profit seeking firms with operations, subsidiaries and markets in more than 1 country
The largest and more politically powerful type of nongovernmental organization |
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Particularistic Groups
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Nongovernmental organizations seeking to influence US foreign policy that serve a limited number of individuals with stakes in their group's missions
An alternative to Cosmopolitan groups |
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Political Action Committees
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The electoral arms of organized groups that are responsible for fund-raising and distributing money to promote the election of desired candidates
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Public Choice Theory
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A model of public policy arguing that competitive private firms supply
goods and services more efficiently than government agencies |
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Shaming
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A tactic by which critics of governments, corporations and other political actors raise moral or ethical doubts about the actions of these entities in the hope of heightening public pressures for policy reform
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Social Movement
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The mobilization of broad based private groups, usually around shared concerns on a specific issues and a desire to alter policy through mass pressure
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Sovereignty Gap
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An area of world politics that is beyond the formal authority of individual states but still demands action from them on a day-to-day basis
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Transnational Advocacy Network
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Large, well organized coalitions of groups from 2 or more countries that apply political pressure on several governments at once to achieve their policy preferences
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Types of Interest Groups
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Ethnic
Civil Society Issue Specific Military Industrial |
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NGO's vs. IGO's
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NGO - join as individual group
IGO - join as a nation |
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Functions of Interest Groups
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Lobbying
Educating Insider vs. Outsider Strategy |
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Civil Disobedience
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Deliberate, discriminate violation of law for a vital social purpose
Sit-ins, hunger strikes... |
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Insider vs. Outsider Strategy
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1.) Insider
inside track to important people, meetings... 2.) Outsider don't have some internal strategies but focus on going public |
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Pluarlism
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Optimistic view of lobbying and interest groups
Groups rise up to counter other groups Many levels at which people can have an impact |
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Elitism
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Negative view of lobbying and interest groups
Money talks loudest Some groups more powerful than others Iron Triange |
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Issue Networks
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Looser form of Iron Triangle
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Weaknesses of NGO
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Limited resources
Lack of formal contracts with governments Inevitable divisions between NGO's and governments Democratic Deficit |
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Democratic Deficit
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Lack of elected representation and openness in decision making
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Military Industrial Complex
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Weapons production is a leading source of new technologies, many which find their way into civilian industries
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Trade Associations
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Private groups that represent entire sectors of US economy
Chamber of Commerce |
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Should US change its alliance with Israel? YES
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Palestinians never had a state
Israel unfair to Palestine US excessive foreign aid money to Israel Israel not in line with US core values Worsens US relations with other Middle Eastern nations Palestinians have no choice but to fight back |
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Should US change it alliance with Israel? NO
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Israel is the only democracy in the region
Jewish History (holocaust) Israel is threatened by Iran and others Cutting aid reduces our leverage We share enemies with Israel Military aid to Israel boosts US economy Israel intelligence is an asset to US Without US help, area would be less stable |
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Pluralist
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MNC's are middle ground between private and public
Outside track Votes, not money, determine policy |
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Elitist
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MNC's are another example of vocal minority
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Defense Industry Pros/Cons
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1.) PRO
High quality goods at lower cost Spin-offs developed in defense industry become part of economy Economic ripple effect 2.) CONS Technological Momentum Interest can drive our belief (build something because of need rather than just to build) Revolving Door Syndrome Duel Use Technology Accountability |
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Technological Momentum
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Must keep pushing forward even if it is unsuccessful
V22 Osprey |
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Revolving Door Syndrome
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Moving back and forth between government and private companies
Navy - Defense - Navy... |
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Duel Use Technology
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Selling weapons overseas that are then used against us
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Core Democratic Values
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Popular Sovereignty
Common Good Equality Individualism Separation of Church and State Economic Liberalism Democracy US Exceptionalism |
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Social Contract Theory
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Contract between people and government
People can reject the government and change it |
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Political Culture - Less Ideal Aspects
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Elitism
Consumerism Non-voting Ignorance Lack of political knowledge Homogeneity Polarization |
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Issue Salience
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How intensely someone feels about an issue
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Reasons policy doesn't reflect public opinion
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Uninformed public
Bad polls Non-voting Inconsistent public opinion Interest Groups Party Pressures |
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Leading Public Opinion
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It is the politicians who lead public opinion rather than the other way around
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Public Opinion Pyramid
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1% Foreign Policy Elite
15% Attentive Public 84% Mass Public |
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2 Bodies of International Relations Theory
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1.) Realism
Have a pessimistic view of world politics Cast skeptical eye on public opinion Citizens may be competent to participate in local elections but are not competent for national elections Militant Internationalism 2.) Liberalism More positive view of the public's role in foreign policy Cooperative Internationalism |
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Demographic Effects
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Gender (Gender Gap)
Generation Religion (Divine Divide) Race |
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America's Knowledge Gap
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Americans tend to be poorly informed about the world around them and focus on local and state problems
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Obama's Foreign Policy
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Diplomacy
Multi-lateral cooperation |
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Diplomacy
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Should negotiate foreign policy matters with all other governments
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Multilateral Cooperation
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US should sign more global agreements such as fighting global warming
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3 Primary Group Identities
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Physical Traits
Social Associations Political Beliefs |
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Almond-Lippmann Consensus
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A widespread negative view jointly articulated by Gabriel Almond and Walter Lippmann that US public opinion is volative and irrelevant to the policy making process
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Attentive Public
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Small segment of public that pays close attention to foreign policy issues but has little influence on government's policy making
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Cooperative Internationalism
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A form of active engagement in foreign policy that emphasizes diplomacy and multilateral collaboration instead of military confrontation
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Delegate Model
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Holds that elected officials should act on public's preferences on an issue
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Demographics
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Characteristics of population that are known to affect opinions
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Diversionary Theory of War
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Possible cause of war in which political leaders provoke armed conflicts to divert public attention from domestic problems or to boost approval ratings
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Divine Divide
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Consistently reported differences in public opinion between religiously devout Americans and others
War in Iraq has greatest support among evangelical Christians |
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Foreign Policy Elite
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Small segment of population that has both the interest and means to influence foreign policy
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Gender Gap
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Differences between men and women in public opinion
Women are more supportive of diplomacy and men of military resolution |
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Group Identity
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Tendency of individual to adopt opinions that reflect their affiliation with a larger group such as a church or interest group
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International Trust
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Perception among some political leaders that other governments behave in accordance with accepted rules, norms and laws or world politics
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Latent Public Opinion
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Ingrained societal values and beliefs that are dormant until they are activated by emergence of a specific related issue that is debated
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Mass Public
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Large segment of public that is neither well informed nor interested in most policy issues and has little influence on policy process
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Militant Internationalism
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Emphasizes coercive measures over diplomacy
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Political Alienation
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Sense of powerlessness among low-income citizens, minorities or others with little influence in policy making
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Procedural Democracy
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Aspects of democratic rule that concern formal rules and structures that ensure representative governance
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Public Relations Presidency
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President is guided by public opinion in making policy decisions
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Rally around the Flag
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Increase in president's approval ratings after a nation faces military crisis
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Substantive Democracy
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Informal aspects of democratic rule that may diverge from representative governance
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Trustee Model
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Provides for greater freedom of thought and autonomous decision making by elected officials than delegate model
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Soft Power
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The ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion of payments
Grows from a country's attractiveness of culture, political ideals and policies |
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Hard Power
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Ability to coerce
Grows out of a country's military and economic might |
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American Empire
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American military has global reach
Economy is largest in world |
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Mainstream Media
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Main media sources that most people watch or read
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Telecommunications Revolution
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Advent of many sources and methods that get foreign news service
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Functions of News Media
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Educate
Set the agenda Watchdog |
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Telecommunications Change
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Greater competition
Print to video US centrism Superficiality |
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Pack Journalism
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All media move together, set the agenda together
Everyone covers the same story |
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Conflict Orientation
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Media prefers conflict over peace
If it bleeds, it leads |
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Biases
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Political
Agenda Money Pro-Israel |
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Lack of Context
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No background Information
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Media Pools
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US military allows media representatives in and are shown around battle fields
Military feeds the stories they want |
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Biases for Military with Embedding Media
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Going Native
Better 1st hand account of what's going on |
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Niche Media
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Specialty publications focused on specific topics or areas
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US Centrism
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Americans tend to focus on foreign news only if America is involved in some way
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Superficiality
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Preoccupation with visual images, conflicts and late-breaking news that prevents reports from providing in-depth analysis of stories
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Government Efforts to control the Media
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Spin Control
Propaganda Press Leaks |
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Blogosphere
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Network of electronic discourse involving internet based blogs and debates
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CNN Effect
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Globalized news coverage of a crisis abroad that prompts government action
Has led to the demand of quick actions and decisions |
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Cyberterrorism
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Nonmilitary political conflict by which an adversarial or state gains access to and disrupts a government's computer systems
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Digital Diplomacy
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Increased contact among governments because of advances in technology
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Embeds
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Reporters embedded with US troops to provide first hand accounts of military action and usually give favorable accounts to troops and government
2003 Iraq invasion |
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Framing
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Government attempts to represent problems so that they are understood in ways that favor the government's position
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Influence Operations
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Efforts by US agencies to shape public opinion in foreign countries that enhances their government's and citizen's support for the US
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Information Security
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Unfettered communication flows protected from disruption by computer hackers
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Infotainment
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Result of soft news that blends information regarding public affairs and media content designed to entertain
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Living Room War
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Vietnam War was brought to US homes graphically and daily through TV
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New Media
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Loosely knit constellation of digital media that engage news consumers
Blogs, chat rooms, cable TV, internet... |
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Parachute Journalism
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Journalists descend on a trouble spot and then move on before gaining a deep understanding of the problems
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Pentagon Papers
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Detailed reports published in 1971 that showed Nixon's efforts to conceal military activities in southeast Asia
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Press Leaks
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Private transfer of sensitive information regarding government policy to news media, secretly, in hopes that it will change policies
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Propaganda
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False or misleading public information designed to enhance stature of government and its policies
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Public Diplomacy
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Efforts by US government to appeal directly to foreign citizens and gain support for the US
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Rooftop Journalism
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Style of war reporting in which journalists provide accounts of military conflicts from nearby vantage points
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Selective Exposure
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Process by which people tend to seek out information that reinforces their views while ignoring contradictory evidence
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Soft News
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Presentation of public issues designed to entertain rather than inform
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Spin Control
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Action by government to shape news coverage in ways that show them in the best possible light
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Strategic Communications
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Sanctioned messages from the US government and disseminated through various channels to foreign governments in order to advance US goals
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System Structure
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Unipolar/Hegemony
Uni-Multipolar (Huntington) Multiplayer-Interdependence (Nye) |
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Unipolar/Hegemony
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US should have strong defense
US is sole power and is thus responsible for policing the world |
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Uni-Multipolar (Huntington)
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1 superpower and several other key powers
US still the main power should consult with other slightly less powerful states |
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Multiplayer Interdependence (Nye)
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Security - US 1st
Economics - 3 Polar (US, China, EU) Multinational Interdependence |
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Multinational Interdependence
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Cooperation with countries working together
Communications, environmental... |
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Categories of Security (Buzan)
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Military
Economic Political Social Environmental |
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Rising South
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Poor southern hemisphere becoming more populated but has missed out on good things from globalization
Lives on $2 per day |
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Instances of US military force
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1.5 military actions per year
320 between 1798-2004 |
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Asymmetric Warfare
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Wars fought between adversaries of highly uneven material strength
Blends high technology with primitive battlefield tactics |
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The Foundation Strategy
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Conflicts of interest are central realities in world politics
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2 Dimensions of US Grand Strategy
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1.) Degree of US involvement
should US impose its will on other states? 2.) Nature of US involvement should US be concerned primarily with own national interests |
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Elements of US Counterterrorism
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Military Combat
Law Enforcement Diplomacy Intelligence Finance |
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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
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The 1972 agreement between the US and Soviet Union restricting each others deployment of antimissile systems by keeping both sides vulnerable to attack
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Baruch Plan
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1946 US proposal to outlaw nuclear weapons and create common stocks of fissile material for the development of peaceful nuclear programs to be run by the United Nations
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Coercive Diplomacy
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Threat to use force to reverse offensive action to achieve goals without violence
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Counter-Insurgency
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Efforts to resist and destroy insurgent groups in Afghanistan/Pakistan
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Defense Policy
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Organization and strategic deployment of armed forces to protect a state against foreign military threats
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Domestic Terrorism
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Acts of terrorism in which the perpetrators and their targets are located within the same nation-state
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Exit Strategy
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Plan to conclude military hostiles and remove country's presence form a region
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Extended Deterrence
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Avowed nuclear retaliation against attacks not only on a country's territory but on allies as well
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External Balancing
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Formation of military alliances that allow relatively weak states to counter influence of a dominant power
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Financial Statecraft
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Coercion that includes the seizure, freezing and manipulation of assets and capital flow of adversaries
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Flexible Response
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Strategy during the Cold War that allowed for a range of military actions in response to threats
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Geopolitical Assets
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A nation's available physical and human resources such as size, location and natural resources and their utility in foreign policy
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Grand Strategy
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Statement of a nation's essential objectives in world politics and the means to achieve them
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Internal Balancing
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Strengthening of military forces by relatively weak states to counter a dominant power
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Just-War Doctrine
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Coded of conduct created in the Middle Ages that established moral standards on the use of military force
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Massive Retaliation
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Strategy based on promise of nuclear annihilation of the sponsor of an attack
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Military Alliances
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Collaborations between 2 or more countries on security matters of mutual concern
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Mission Creep
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Tendency to take on new tasks and open-ended commitments
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Mutual Assured Destruction
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Nuclear stalemate that occurs when 2 nuclear equipped adversaries promise retaliation against each other in the event of an attack
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National Security
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Freedom a nation enjoys from threats to it sovereignty, territory and political autonomy
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Nuclear Deterrence
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Prevention of hostilities through the threat of using nuclear weapons
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Peaceful Coercion
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Exercising influence across national boarders and gaining foreign policy preferences without the use of violence
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Powell Doctrine
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Policy by Colin Powell in the 1990's to prevail in military conflicts and have an exit strategy
1990's Persian Gulf War |
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Preemptive War
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Military attack initiated by one cou7ntry whose leaders think an emerging challenger presents a long term threat
2003 Iraq |
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Spectrum of Armed Conflict
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Real and potential military challenges a country confronts in which the chance of each type of conflict is inversely proportionate to its destructiveness
Nuclear Attack - high damage, low probability Diplomacy - low damage, high probability |
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State-Society Relations
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Interactions of government and private actors in matters of public policy
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State Terrorism
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Acts of terrorism committed by sovereign governments against their own people or people in other states
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Strategic Culture
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Widely shared beliefs, attitudes and policy preferences
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Strategic Defense Initiative
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Reagan's 1983 plan to use space based interceptors to destroy long-range nuclear weapons in mid-flight
Star Wars |
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Strategic Detachment
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Early grand strategy adopted by the US based on their self-reliance and avoidance of commitments to other countries
Isolationist |
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Strategic Environment
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Context in which security policy is devised and reflects trends in global and regional balances of power
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Structural Arrangements
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Governing bodies and legal system within which policy making takes place and that shape a grand strategy
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Suicide Terrorism
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Tactic by which terrorists detonate explosives killing themselves and their targets
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Sustained Primacy
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Grand Strategy adopted by the US after World War 2 based on preservation of nation's predominance in the interstate system
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Tactics
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Translation of proclaimed political ends into military means
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Wars of Choice
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Military conflicts concerning non-vital national interests
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Wars of Necessity
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Military conflicts resulting from direct challenges to a nation's interests
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Weinberger Doctrine
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Policy in the late 1980's requiring US military interventions be thoroughly planned and costs/benefits be calculated before action is taken
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How many members does the Supreme Court have?
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9, so there can never be a tie when they vote
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Democratic Peace
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Democracies don't attack other democracies
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Democracy Presentations
Hungary |
US did not intervene in revolution because it viewed it as less important than other conflicts and did not want to risk relations with Soviets
US did support Hungary 25% of Hungarian population moved to US |
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Democracy Presentations
Poland |
US made little effort to prevent martial law
Too late to do much and viewed as a lost cause Worried about larger military conflict Reagan believed US should help by implementing sanctions, humanitarian relief and overcoming communism |
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Democracy Presentations
China |
Protesters in Tienanmen Square 1989 were engaged by Chinese army
US did not intervene US did not want to risk relations with China or have them switch allegiance to Soveits People still had memories of Vietnam No sanctions and US just looked the other way |
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Should the US restrict imports from China?
YES |
US has a huge trade deficit with China
China keeps its currency undervalued which make their goods appear cheaper China has higher tariff rates than the US China finances the US debt which gives them too much leverage over the US China keeps worker's wages low China doesn't ensure product safety China doesn't have strong environmental regulations More work for US workers if jobs brought back to US |
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Should the US restrict imports from China?
NO |
US companies choose to do business in China
Consumers benefit from cheaper goods Goods are assembled there, not made there We need to encourage them to import from US If we cut trade, they may call in our debt US benefits from trade to China Cheap labor |
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Forms of Sanctions
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Boycott
Divestment Embargo Freezing Assets Suspending Foreign Trade |
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Divestment
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Withdrawing assets from a foreign country as a form of sanction
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Embargo
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Refusal to provide one's own goods and services
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Trading with the Enemy Act of 1963
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Prohibited nearly all trade with the Castro regime in Cuba
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Balance of Trade
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Distribution of resources and capabilities among nation-states
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Communism
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Economic system in which the state owns the primary means of production in order to ensure economic equality
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Comparative Advantage
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Global division of labor in which each country's producers contribute in ways that draw on their unique strengths
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Economic Liberalism
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System that protects private property and commercial activity from government intervention
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Economic Nationalism
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System that considers commercial activity fruitful to the extent that it serves the interests of the state, whose power depends on the accumulation of wealth and its use for military armament
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Economic Sanctions
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Material penalties imposed on foreign countries involving trade, foreign aid or other aspects of economic relations
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Economic Statecraft
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Use by national governments of a variety of economic tools including trade, foreign aid and sanctions to advance their foreign policy goals
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Floating Exchange Rates
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A system in which the values of a country's currency is determined by market forces rather than government intervention
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Foreign Aid
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Economic resources provided by affluent governments to developing countries on terms unavailable to commercial markets
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Gold Standard
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System of fixed exchange rates in which the values of national currencies are based on the value of gold
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Gross Domestic Product
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A key measure of a nation's wealth
The sum total of goods and services produced in that nation during a given year US - $14.3 trillion in 2009 1/5 of global total |
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Helms-Burton Act
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Legislation in 1996 imposing penalties that benefit economically from confiscated US property in Cuba
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International Political Economy
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The domain of political economy in which governments seek to manage economic acti8vity beyond their borders in ways that advance their goals
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Linkage Strategy
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Nixon administration's policy towards the Soviet Union that tied US economic concessions to improved Soviet behavior on human rights and key foreign policy issues
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Mercantilism
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Economic model whose primary aim is to enhance wealth of national firms often at the expense of foreign competitors or rival nations
Zero-sum game |
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Most-Favored Nation Trading Status
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Provision of equal market access and terms of trade to all states participating in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
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Non-tariff Barriers
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An array of trade measures that heighten a country's competitive advantages in world markets while respecting rules of free trade
Industrial subsidies, regulations... |
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Political Economy
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Arena of public life in which governments seek to organize domestic economic activity in ways that advance their policy goals and principles
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Smart Sanctions
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Economic Penalties designed to punish government elites rather than vulnerable citizens
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Smoot-Hawley Tariff
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Increased tariffs on goods coming into the US
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Socialism
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Political economic model that seeks to ensure economic equality through government ownership of enterprises while allowing citizens to own private property and operate firms
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Trade Promotion Authority
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A measure that strengthens the executive branch's ability to conclude trade agreements with other governments by restricting the time needed for Congress to make approvals
Fast track |
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Autarky
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No trade
Cut off from the rest of the world Isolationist |
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3 Factors of Production
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Labor
Land Capital |
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Protectionism
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Subsidize
Tariffs Non-tariff Barriers |
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Types of Leverage
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1.) Diplomacy/Positive
Summits, alliances, meetings, talks... 2.) Diplomacy/Negative Break treaty, kick out of group, ending alliances, de-recognize... 3.) Economic/Positive Foreign Aid, Trade 4.) Economic/Negative Removing trade or aid, sanctions 5.) Military/Positive Humanitarian, joint military exercises, training, military alliances 6.) Military/Negative Strikes, arms buildups, threats |
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Marshall Plan
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Rebuilding Europe after World War 2
Began tradition of foreign aid |
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Types of Foreign Aid
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USAID
Multilateral Aid Bilateral Aid DAC |
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Multilateral Aid
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Gather money from multiple countries for a certain use
More based on recipient need |
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Bilateral Aid
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1 country gives to another usually with strings attached
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DAC
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Top 16 Aid givers
Give at least .7% of GDP |
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Types of US Aid
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Military Aid (Pentagon)
Disaster (Multilateral Organization) Basic Human Needs (USAID) Food Aid (USDA) Economic Development (USAID) |
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Objectives of US Aid
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Security
Economic Growth Humanitarian Ideological Benefit US economy |
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Market Development
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If you give enough aid, that country will go from recipient to trade partner
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Manifest Destiny
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An early belief that the US had God's blessing and should assert political control and influence of larger population
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Coercive Democratization
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Force a nation to become democratic
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Operation Restore Hope
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1992 Humanitarian effort to help Somalia by bringing in food and aid
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Should the US impose harsh sanctions on Iran?
YES |
Bring Iran to the negotiating table
Control Iran's nuclear ambitions without military force Human rights violations in Iran Iran supports terrorism Iran threatens Israel |
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Should the US impose harsh sanctions on Iran?
NO |
Iran's nuclear program is for peaceful purposes
Not yet capable of fully enriching uranium Harsh sanctions would hurt ordinary citizens Sanctions not successful in 90% of cases Sanctions would increases Anti-US sentiment |
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Secondary Sanctions
|
Sanction anybody that does business with another sanctioned country
Helms-Burton Act |
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Khatami
|
Iranian reformer
|
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Ahmadinejad
|
Current Iranian president considered to be a hardliner
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Pro Sanctions
|
Not military
Something other than just talk Middle ground between talk and military Safer than military Signal that you are serious about doing something South Africa case |
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Anti Sanctions
|
High cost to sanctioning country
Poorest people often suffer the most Low rate of success when not everyone works together or not multilateral Cause backlash against sanctioning country Cuba case |
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Cuba Sanction case
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Helms Burton Act
Secondary Sanctions Has not worked and been in place for 50 years |
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South Africa Sanction case
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Apartheid
Constructive Engagement 1986 Sanctions Bill Sanctions worked |
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Apartheid
|
Total separation between races
Housing, education... Racism |
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Constructive Engagement
|
Work with country to make them change rather than sanction them
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1986 Sanctions Bill
|
Sanction South Africa until apartheid is removed and racism ends
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AIPAC
|
Israeli lobbing group partly responsible for the continued relationship between US-Israel
Vocal minority |
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USAID
|
US aid program
Provides humanitarian and economic aid to various nations |
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Axis of Evil
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North Korea, Iraq and Iran
Threats to the world |
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Siad Barre
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Dictator of Somalia and was Soviet client
Switched to US after USSR took Ethiopia |
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Mohammed Farah Aideed
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US tried to kill him 7 times
Black Hawk down resulted in a failed capture |
