Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Asymmetric Warfare
|
Exploits vulnerabilities by using weapons and tactics that are unexpected
|
|
|
Bandwagon
|
Less powerful states "bandwagon" with powerful states rather then challenge it
|
|
|
Blowback
|
Theorcratic regime that rules Iran was an antagonistic response to US foreign policies
|
|
|
Bush Doctrine
|
Called for preemptive strikes on state sponsors of terrorism
|
|
|
Empire
|
Exerts formal political control over the internal and external policies of another sovereign state
|
|
|
Exceptionalism
|
Having a sense of national superiority
|
|
|
Examplarists
|
The US should lead primarily by example, fearing that an active foreign policy would only dirty the hands of US leaders
|
|
|
Globalization
|
Linking of national and regional markets into a single world economy
|
|
|
Hegemon
|
While not imposing sovereign control over a colonial empire, it incorporates much of the world within its sphere of influence
|
|
|
Imperial Presidency
|
Congress cannot place limits on the president's determinations as to any terrorist threat, the amount of military force to be used or timing of a response
|
|
|
National Style
|
Cultural influences that historically have shaped the country's approach to international relations
|
|
|
Primacy
|
A nation's predominant stature in the hierarchy of global power
|
|
|
Soft Terrorism
|
The expression of its political and cultural values that other societies and governments may find appealing
|
|
|
Terrorism
|
A tactic that seeks to gain the upper hand through psychological means and designed to raise mass fears
|
|
|
Unipolar Balance of Power
|
1 country (USA) maintains a predominant share of the economic and military resources needed to advance its interests
|
|
|
Vindicators
|
US leaders should engage in a global crusade against injustice and war
|
|
|
Bipolar Balance of Power
|
US and Soviet Union shared predominant resources and were rivals looking to offset each other's advantages
|
|
|
Bretton Woods
|
Created a system of fixed currency exchange rates based on the US dollar and promoted economic cooperation
|
|
|
Col War
|
Conflict based on ideological issue of capitalism vs. communism
|
|
|
Collective Security
|
Leaders renounce war and pledge to defend each other
|
|
|
Containment
|
US accepts existing sphere of Soviet influence but prevents further expansion by any means necessary
1 cause of Vietnam War |
|
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
Standoff between US and Soviet Union due to Soviets sending missiles to Cuba. Was resolved after negotiations and Soviets removed missiles
|
|
|
Democratic Peace
|
A world of democracies would be more cooperative and less prone to violence
Democracies rarely engage war with eachother |
|
|
Dètente
|
Easing tensions between US and Soviet Union
|
|
|
Domino Theory
|
If 1 nation becomes communist, others around it will too
1 cause of Vietnam War |
|
|
Engagement and Enlargement
|
Closer interactions between countries economically would provide collective benefits to them while discouraging defections
|
|
|
Failed States
|
Countries unable of maintaining order or providing minimal services to their citizens
|
|
|
Geopolitics
|
Geographical influences in world politics
|
|
|
Glasmost
|
Greater openness in the political system of Soviet Union
|
|
|
Gunboat Diplomacy
|
US brought navy to Japan to force friendship and allow US access to Japanese markets
|
|
|
Iron Curtain
|
Division between east (Soviet Union) Europe and west (US allies) Europe
|
|
|
Kellogg-Braind Pact
|
Outlaw of war
2 assumptions 1.) military force us uacceptable 2.) power of modern weapons is suicidal if used in the future |
|
|
Lend-Lease Program
|
US gave England military help and got access to their Caribbean military bases in exchange during World War 2
|
|
|
Liberal Internationalism
|
A new route to global stability that focused on human rights rather than the cold war
|
|
|
Manifest Destiny
|
To overspread the continent for the free development of national growth during America's westward expansion in the 1800's
|
|
|
Marshall Plan
|
Paved the way for European economic recovery after World War 2
Also to help boost America's economy |
|
|
Monroe Doctrine
|
Discourage European intrusions into Latin America and the pacific coast
|
|
|
Multipolar Balance of Power
|
3 or more nations control global predominance economically and militarily
Austria, France, England, Spain ....before America's rise to power |
|
|
National Security State
|
Overshadowed nonmilitary agencies of the government
|
|
|
New Look
|
Nuclear weapons get more "bang for your buck"
|
|
|
New Unilateralism
|
US has a hostile stance toward multilateral agreements and the United Nations during the 1990's (refused to pay debts to UN)
|
|
|
New World Order
|
A world in which freedom and respect for human rights is in all nations
|
|
|
Open Door Policy
|
US called for free trade and China and to prevent European trading interests from carving China up
|
|
|
Operation Desert Storm
|
Attack on Iraq after their invasion of Kuwait in 1991
|
|
|
Operation Iraqi Freedom
|
Invasion of Iraq in 2003 to prevent them from using or making WMD's
|
|
|
Orthodox Interpretation
|
US used to be isolationist but became internationalist after World War 2
|
|
|
Perestroika
|
Reconstructing of the Soviet economy to spur innovation and efficiency
|
|
|
Revisionism
|
US has never truly been isolationist
Haiti Panama Spanish-American war |
|
|
Roosevelt Corollary
|
Struggles may ultimately require intervention of a civilized nation (USA)
|
|
|
Smoot-Hawlye Tariff
|
Increased tariffs on goods coming into the USA
A factor of the Great Depression |
|
|
Surge Strategy
|
5 military brigades sent to Iraq in 2007
|
|
|
Truman Doctrine
|
United States provided military aid to Turkey and Greece after England left in 1947
|
|
|
Vietname Syndrome
|
Moral superiority of US could no longer be taken for granted
National self doubts Feeling like losers from defeat |
|
|
Anarchy
|
Lack of a government
People are self regulating and can "play well" together |
|
|
Balance of Power
|
Create global stability with cooperation
|
|
|
Belief System
|
Impressions people have of the outside world into a coherent whole
Shapes the manner in which leaders identify the nature of a problem |
|
|
Bolstering
|
Once a course is set, anything less than 100% commitment is unacceptable
|
|
|
Bounded Rationality
|
Foreign policy makers cope as best they can with personal and institutional limitations
More information than can be handled |
|
|
Bureaucratic Politics
|
Dysfunctional role in shaping US foreign policy. Bureaucrats have become more powerful political actors
Conflict of interest among the various government agencies |
|
|
Causal Beliefs
|
Beliefs about the best means available for solving a problem
|
|
|
Cognitive Closure
|
Desire to make quick decisions. Leads to solution before all info is available
|
|
|
Cognitive Consistency
|
People feel most comfortable when events in outside world corespond with their existing beliefs and operational codes
|
|
|
Cognitice Pyschology
|
Process by which people obtain and process info about the world around them
|
|
|
Congressional Dominance Theory
|
Legislators make their preferences clear to agency managers to ensure their preferences are realized
|
|
|
Constructivism
|
World politics do not have fixed properties rather they are socially constructed
|
|
|
Crisis Decision Making
|
Element of surprise, perceived threats to interests, compressed time frame that demands quick action
|
|
|
Game Theory
|
Using economic and math to explain foreign policy decisions and to create strategies that are optimal for the US
|
|
|
Global Governance
|
Combines state-to-state diplomacy with collaboration among private groups
|
|
|
Groupthink
|
Overestimation of the group's power and morality. Leads to closed mindedness and pressures towards uniformty
|
|
|
Identity
|
Individial or a group as considered apart from others
|
|
|
Interdependence
|
Rewards cooperation in an anarchic structure of interstate system
|
|
|
Iron Triangle
|
Links influential interest groups, congressional committees and executive branch that carry out policies of mutual concern
Excludes members of congress, the White House, and the general public |
|
|
Issue Network
|
Brings together interested government and private actors
|
|
|
Levals of Analysis
|
Interstate system, civil society and government actors that shape foreign policy decisions
|
|
|
Military-Industrial
|
Cited example of the iron triangle
Defense contractors have large influence over members of congress |
|
|
National Interest
|
Rationale for foreign policy decisions for best interest of the state
|
|
|
Negative-Sum Game
|
Botg sides suffer net losses
|
|
|
Neoliberal Institutionalism
|
Adopts a systematic view and is often supported by rationale choice and game theory
|
|
|
Norms
|
Widely agreed upon principles and standards of conduct
Treaties should be honored.... |
|
|
Operational Code
|
A political leader's beliefs about the nature of politics and political conflict, his views regarding the extent to which historical developments can be shaped and his notions of correct strategies and tactics
|
|
|
Poltical Psychology
|
Asserting the importance of individual psychology processes to political outcomes
|
|
|
Positive-Sum Game
|
Both sides have net gains
|
|
|
Presidential Control Model
|
Views presidents as caretakers of the national interest who can rise above domestic politics
|
|
|
Prospect Theory
|
Model of decision making that emphasizes uncertainty and varying perceptions among policy makers
|
|
|
Principled Beliefs
|
Structured perceptions towards Political problems that are informed primarily by such normative principles as liberty, justice and equality
|
|
|
Rational Actors
|
Weigh their options based on common understanding of national interests
|
|
|
Rational Choice
|
Reduces decision making to objective calculations of costs and benefits
|
|
|
Regimes
|
Areas of interstate cooperation in foreign policy based on common norms
|
|
|
Security Community
|
Informal system of economic, political and military cooperation
|
|
|
Selective Perception
|
Process by which people tend to seek out info that reinforces their views while ignoring contradicting info
|
|
|
Soverignty
|
Highest level of political authority maintained by secular nation-states
|
|
|
Standard Operating Procedures
|
Consistent measures for addressing commonly encountered situations
Stresses continuity over change |
|
|
Structural Realism
|
Based on the lack of world government to regulate behavior. Balance of power among states is most reliable way to guarantee world peace
|
|
|
Transnational Civil Society
|
Interest groups, general public, media....that exerts pressure to accommodate their policy preferences
|
|
|
Treaty of Westphalia
|
Ended 30 years war in Europe, created the modern nation-state and affirmed sovereignty
|
|
|
Two-Level Game
|
Government officials negotiate with counterparts overseas and with domestic actors who have stakes in policy process
|
|
|
Unitary Actors
|
Speaking with 1 voice
|
|
|
Zero-Sum Game
|
Gains by 1 are matched by losses from another
|
|
|
Advisory Systems
|
Trusted aides and confidants to the president
|
|
|
Bully Pulpit
|
Presidebt has unparalleled access to media and general public
|
|
|
Codetermination
|
Sharing of powers between executive and legislative branches and for legal questions to be resolves by the judicial branch
|
|
|
Collegial Model
|
Encourages openness but to also provide compromise between advisers
|
|
|
Competitive Model
|
Encourages open debate and conflict among advisers
|
|
|
Executive Agreements
|
Agreements negotiated by the executive branch as a way to avoid senate approval
|
|
|
Extraterritoriality
|
Embassies and consulates are property of the government to which they belong
Host government cannot invade them |
|
|
Formalistic Model
|
Orderly and hierarchical
|
|
|
Global Jurisprudence
|
Universal declaration of human rights
|
|
|
Habeas Corpus
|
Prisoners must be able to hear charges against them and to challenge the legality of their detention
|
|
|
Legal Internationalists
|
Constitution represents principles of individual freedom and justice that are universal in scope
|
|
|
Legal Nationalists
|
Constitution should advance the well-being of the US through carefully prescribed government institutions and powers
|
|
|
Management Style
|
Shapes role the president's advisory system play
procedures, working relationships and standards of behavior among policy advisers |
|
|
Prerogative Powers
|
President's freedom to make independent judgments
|
|
|
Recess Appointment
|
Temporary appointments while congress is on recess
|
|
|
Saber Rattling
|
Technique used to intimidate adversaries through hostile rhetoric, arms buildups or deployment of forces
|
|
|
Two Presidencies
|
1.) Constrained on domestic issues
2.) One who reigns supreme in foreign affairs |
|
|
Unilateral Powers
|
Freedom of action by the president in foreign policy
executive orders, hiring advisers without approval... |
|
|
Zone of Twilight
|
President and congress may have concurrent authority
|
|
|
Congressional Diplomacy
|
Concerns the degree of presidential leadership in and attention to the legislative process. Presidents ignore congress at their peril
|
|
|
Constraints on Congress Action
|
Passing the buck
Structural Weaknesses - size of congress hinders it vs. president Judicial noninterference Constituent service - focus on domestic concerns for constituents |
|
|
Divided Government
|
Controlled by opposing parties
|
|
|
Electoral Factor
|
Choices are determined by rational calculations of political costs and benefits
|
|
|
Foreign Policy Entrepreneurs
|
Lead the way on foreign policy issues without waiting for the administration
|
|
|
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|
Authorized LBJ to take all necessary measures to protect US forces supporting South Vietnam
|
|
|
Guns-or-Butter Debate
|
Higher defense spending means domestic needs are sacrificed
|
|
|
Ideological Factors
|
Policy maker's world views that influence their foreign policy decisions
|
|
|
Intermestic Policy
|
Merger of international and domestic policy concerns
|
|
|
Logrolling
|
Support one measure for later support for another
Trading votes |
|
|
Oversight
|
Congress can monitor the president's conduct in foreign policy
|
|
|
Procedural Innovation
|
Reforms that enhance congress's impact on the policy making process. Greater political value and easier to pass than substantive legislation
|
|
|
Substantive Legislation
|
Focus on specific issues rather than on procedural innovations that affect legislative powers
Sanctions on South Africa during the 1980's |
|
|
Unified Government
|
One party controls congress and executive branch
|
|
|
War Powers Resolution
|
Required presidents to inform congress about military deployments
Tried to limit presidential powers of war and give congress more power |
|
|
Celebrity Diplomacy
|
Publicized efforts by celebrities that draw attention to foreign policy efforts
|
|
|
Church Committee
|
Found many CIA operations to be abuses of power
|
|
|
Clientitis
|
Developing close ties with governments overseas that may cloud judgment about US priorities
|
|
|
Complex Irregular Warfare
|
Fuses conventional warfare with terrorism, attacks on information and alliances with criminal syndicates
|
|
|
Counterintelligence
|
Acquisition of information designed to neutralize hostile intelligence services
|
|
|
Covert Operations
|
Secret activity to effect changes that are favorable to the US
|
|
|
Diplomacy
|
Interactions among representatives of 2 or more sovereign states on official matters of mutual concern
|
|
|
Elitism
|
Argues political power is highly concentrated among a few leaders and the wealthiest citizens
|
|
|
Extraordinary Rendition
|
Sending suspected terrorists to foreign nations whose interrogation practices don't have to comply with US laws
|
|
|
Finished Intelligence
|
Information made useful to policy makers
|
|
|
Geo-economics
|
Growing interactions of national markets in the world economy
|
|
|
Goldwater-Nichols Act / The Defense Reorganization Act
|
Altered balance of power within the Pentagon in 2 ways:
1.) Strengthens power of Join Chief of Staff chairman, who became the primary military adviser to the president 2.) Increased power of regional commanders in chief |
|
|
Human Intelligence
|
Information from humans or informants
|
|
|
Image Intelligence
|
Comes from recorded surveillance and images
|
|
|
Intelligence Cycle
|
5 stages:
1.) Planning and direction 2.) Collection of info 3.) Processing info (translating...) 4.) Analysis and interpretation 5.) Dissemination and sending info to authorities |
|
|
Intelligence Gap
|
Contrast between the openness of democracies like the US and repressive societies like north Korea
Makes it easy for enemies to learn of US developments but difficult for US to learn of enemy developments |
|
|
Military Transformation
|
Allow military forces to compete more effectively on battlefields of the future
More lethal and precise weapons and forces |
|
|
National Security Adviser
|
Serves as gatekeeper in the White House
|
|
|
Organizational Culture
|
Shared values, goals, beliefs of a government agency
|
|
|
Path Dependency
|
Pattern by which past structural choices push future policies in a certain direction
|
|
|
Protectionism
|
Manipulation of trade by government in order to serve the interests of domestic stakeholders
|
|
|
Raw Intelligence
|
Info collected from various sources and will become finished intelligence and shared with policy makers
|
|
|
Regional Interrogation
|
Closer economic and political cooperation offer a remedy for military conflicts
|
|
|
Revolution in Military Affairs
|
Shift in US military's structure as a result of advances in technologies
|
|
|
Signal Intelligence
|
Derived from intercepted communications
|
|
|
Sources of Foreign Policy
|
1.) External
2.) Societal 3.) Institutional 4.) Role 5.) Individual |
|
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
Created the first sense of Vietnamese nationalism
Wanted Vietnam to become an independent nation |
|
|
Ngo Diem
|
Leader of South Vietnam
Backed by US Did Vietcong arise because of communism or from oppressive leadership of Diem? |
|
|
Causes of Vietnam
|
Loss of expertise
Domino Theory Wishful Thinking Executive Fatigue - extended service causes lack of imagination and lose of priorities/perspective Crypto-Racism - So many asians, they are cruel and mean anyway Human Ego Investment Bureaucratic Detachment - decisions made by those in Washington, not in Vietnam |
|
|
Doctrine on Interference
|
Not supposed to interfere with other nations
|
|
|
Absolute Sovereignty
|
Government has the power to do what it wants in its own country and no other nation can interfere
|
|
|
Popular Sovereignty
|
Sovereignty does not lie with the government but with the people. If there is an abusive government, we can intervene to help
1 rationale for invading Iraq |
|
|
Particularism
|
Because we are not coherent in our national interests, particular interests have too much influence
Vocal minorities vs. silent majority |
|
|
What does Mandlebaum think of US in terms of policing the world?
|
America is the only nation capable of policing the world. Without the US, the world is less safe and prosperous
|
|
|
Structural Realism vs. Liberalism vs. Constructivism
War in Iraq Vietnam |
War in Iraq
Structural Realism - must meet force with force. Need to attack terrorists Liberalism - Work with terrorists to resolve grievances Constructivism - Not a big deal if we don't make it one Vietnam Structural Realism - Must attack north to prevent spread of communism Liberalism - try to work with north to find some sort of compromise Constructivism - communism is not a big deal and we should leave Vietnam alone |
|
|
Problems with Bureaucracies
|
Tend to outlive their usefulness (NATO)
They act in their own interest Only make small change (incrementalist) |
|
|
Alexander George 3 factors deciding how a president makes a decision
|
Cognitive - minimizers/maximizers. Need to know everything or just the basics
Confidence - happy to be a leader or prefer to be in private Orientation towards conflict - shy way from a fight or revel in it |
|
|
Alexander George 3 models of foreign policy management
|
Formalistic
1.) don't want conflict 2.) minimizers 3.) Hierarchical Competitive 1.) Free and open to various opinions 2.) Maximizers Collegial 1.) All share information 2.) No conflict |
|
|
Barber's 4 president styles
|
Active/Positive
1.) Achieve many results 2.) Want to accomplish a lot Active/Negative 1.) Actively devoted to doing something on the wrong track 2.) Fighting a losing cause Passive/Positive 1.) Care more about being liked 2.) Concerned with image as president Passive/Negative 1.) President only president because they have to be, not because they want to (Eisenhower begged by republicans) |
|
|
President vs. Congress - War powers
|
President - move/command troops
Congress - declare war |
|
|
President vs. Congress - Appointment powers
|
President - make appointments (recess appointments)
Congress - approve or disapprove of nominees |
|
|
President vs. Congress - Treaties powers
|
President - Negotiate treaties (executive orders)
Congress - 2/3 of Senate approval |
|
|
President vs. Congress - Budget powers
|
President - no power (now submits proposals)
Congress - House of Representatives sets the budget |
|
|
1924 Rogers Act
|
Have to have an examination so that promotions are based on merit and not just who you know
|
|
|
Organizational Subculture
|
Emphasizes loyalty over creativity
Over reliance on SOP's |
|
|
Specialists vs. Generalists
|
Focus has been on generalists as a fear of clientitis (going native)
|
|
|
National Security Council
|
1.) Agent of policy coordination
2.) Source of neutral policy guidance 3.) Forum for crisis management Advises top aides in White House |
|
|
Shadow Government
|
Secrecy beyond reach of the public and congress
|
|
|
"First Among Equals"
|
Secretary of State is first cabinet post in succession to presidency
|
|
|
National Security Act of 1947
|
Merged Navy and Department of War
Created Department of Defense Created Joint Chiefs of Staff Created Air Force Created CIA |
|
|
Military Service Branches
|
Army
Navy/Marines Air Force Coast Guard (in Homeland Security) |
|
|
Intelligence since 2004
|
Created Director of National Intelligence to create a central character that can bring info from all various sources (NSA, CIA, NGIA...) together rather than having them compete with one another and not sharing info between branches
Coordinates rather than gathers |
|
|
Congressional Powers (Legislative and Non-Legislative)
|
Legislative/Direct - budget, legislation, war
Legislative/Indirect - procedural, nonbinding Non-legislative/Direct - oversight hearings, informal advice Non-legislative/Indirect - congressional visits overseas, press conferences |
|
|
Procedural
|
Force certain procedures to have to be followed (War Powers Resolution)
|
|
|
Non-binding
|
To simply appease a group or get good publicity
Not enforced (can't trade with countries that trade with Cuba) |
|
|
Obstacles to more foreign policy power for Congress
|
Size
Decentralized Partisanship Local interests Lack of expertise President |
|
|
"Why Don't they Like us?" article
|
US was naive before 9/11
Nobody likes a hegemon Those who hate US view us as vanguard of globalization Easy to blame US |
|
|
"The Benefits of Goliath" article (a world with the US)
|
Japan and Germany take major power
More countries feel the need to have nuclear weapons Worse global economy |
|
|
4 year presidential cycle
|
Year 1 - maintain tough image from election and overambitious
Year 2 - First constructive steps in foreign policy, midterm elections Year 3 - Appearance of success Year 4 - reelection 2nd term - greater political capital, worried of legacy, lame duck Year 3 - |
