Us Chapter 16- The Civil War

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Mother Bickerdyke

Back 1

Illinoisian "botanic physician" who worked to improve army hospitals and sanitation
(as men died under diseases army physicians were untrained to treat. )
**Exposed the shortcomings of the Union army.
-Later, official agent of "The Sanitary"
*"Unequalled" fundraiser

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United States Sanitary Commission

Back 2

Formed by Lincoln at request of officials of WCAR (Women's Central Association of Relief).
Inspectors instructed soldiers in water supply/ latrine placement & cooking.

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Fort Sumter *

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On island in Charleston SC harbor, Union fort in confederate territory. "First crisis" for Lincoln.

Lincoln risks ordering it resupplied to show Union's hold, notifies the SC gov.
--> Davis orders PGTB to demand its surrender & attack for noncompliance if nec.
April 12, 1861, as relief force nears, PGBT attacks.
--> Lincoln asks for 75000 enlistments

Front 4

General P.G.T. Beauregard

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Major confederate general, attacked Fort Sumter in major first move of war, as ordered by Davis.(more?)

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Major Robert Anderson

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Union commander involved in Ft Sumter battle

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Mary Boykin Chestnut

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Southern, confederate diarist, recorded South's mood at major points in the war, including Sumter & Sherman's capture of Atlanta

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Battle of Bull Run *

Back 7

At Manassas Creek in N Virginia in July, both sides expected a quick victory. Esp North, as Washington journalists and spectators accompanied troops to battle.

When PGTB's reinforcements arrive, force N's chaotic retreat.
-> foreshadows violence of the war
-> "manassas syndrome" in Union army, esp for McClellan

Front 8

Robert E. Lee

Back 8

"Genius" southern Military Commander, did not support slavery or secession, offered command of Union army, but chose to stick with his home state of Virginia at the last moment.

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"Lincoln's Cabinet"

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-Secretary of State: William Seward
-Treasury: Salmon P. Chase
-War Department: Edwin M. Stanton

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Secretary of State: William Seward

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Widely regarded as Republican party leader, originally expected to manage Lincoln but the two worked together.

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Treasury: Salmon P. Chase

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Firm abolitionist, thought Lincoln too moderate & opposed concessions to the South.
A "dangerous and vocal critic".

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War Department: Edwin M. Stanton

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Former democrat from Ohio.
Under his command, "Was able to perform many basic functions of procurement and supply without too much delay or corruption."

*Sheer size of army an obstacle, often depended on community and women's organizations to meet all the supply needs.

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Legal Tender Act

Back 13

Feb 1862
Created a national currency ("greenbacks", as the bills were originally called)

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National Bank Act

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1863, prohibited state banks from issuing their own currency and forced them to apply for federal charters.

(Made possible by war's necessity and absense of southern opposition)

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Morrill Tariff Act

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(1861)
Raised tariffs to more than double prewar rate.
Essential in economic development.

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Homestead Act

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"Gave 160 acres of public land to any citizen who agreed to live on the land for five years, improve it by building a house and cultivating some of the land, and pay a small fee."

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Morrill Land Grant Act

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"Gave states public land that would allow them to finance land-grant colleges offering education to ordinary citizens in practical skills such as agriculture, engineering, and military science."
--> Modern commercial agriculture.

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"Cotton Diplomacy"

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South's expectations to be backed/ recognized by Europe (esp. Britain and France) because of its cotton.

*Alternative sources found/ cotton market saturated. (Esp w/ Egypt and India)
* Britain abolished slavery in its empire already, doesn't support it.

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Peninsular Campaign

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March-June 1862
Northern VA (James Peninsula) --> To Richmond

McClellan vs. Lee
Union forced to abandon plan, unsuccesful.

Part of initial strategy of avoiding invasion by cutting of South, with blockade and early capture of Confed Capital.

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George B. McClellan

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-First commander of Union Army,
-suffered heavily from "Manassas syndrome".
-Dashing but overly cautious in battle.
-Didn't get along well with Lincoln.
-Ran as Democratic Candidate in the Election of 1864

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Anaconda Plan

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Initial northern plan of cutting off South to avoid invasion through blockade by sea and Mississippi River.

Dubbed this by Northern critics.

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Antietam *

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Sept 1862 / Maryland
Single bloodiest day of the war.
**Union has a difficult victory that forces Lee's retreat, only for his troops to inflict further loss at Fredricksburg
**Lee's first offensive

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Shiloh *

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April 1862
SW Tennessee, Grant vs Johnston (who died in battle)
Big Northern victory.

**Southern forces divided, because Davis must concentrate on Virginian defense, sends no major generals
**Union closer to winning out west for control of entire Mississippi R

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Ulysses S. Grant

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"Rising military figure in the west", rumored alcoholic but military genius. Later in the war brought East to replace Meade.

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Vicksburg *

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"'The Gibraltar of the Mississippi'" (city itself)
July 1863 , Miss.

-Union essentially controls the whole River after this.
-Right after Gettysburg
-Completely disuades European support of CSA
-Grant can go back East
(kind of opens way to Atlanta)

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General William Tecumseh Sherman

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Commander of western army after Grant.
Took Atlanta, helping Lincoln's reelection.
Then marched to Savannah.

**Aimed to inflict maximum damage on Southern way of life, burning everything (but not people) so people will not rebel again.

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Radical Republicans

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Mainly abolitionists concerned with freeing the slaves, pressed Lincoln for such.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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Prelimin. '62, finally released on Jan 1 '63.

Initially said that if the rebelling states dont give up by the new year, all slaves in THOSE AREAS ALONE (not border states) are free.

Weakens southern cause/ important moral weapon to gain N support for war.
--->Changes course, from politics to abolition.

Not actually effective legislation in rebelling areas, but many slaves flee and refuse to work as a result, weakens S in war effort.

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Thirteenth Amendment

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Ratified in 1865, Banned slavery in all US (South couldnt vote, in rebellion)

"Real" emancipation

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General Joseph Hooker

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Union commander at Chancellorsville

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Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry

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African American regiment in Union, commanded by white officers. (Robert Fitzgerald's reg.)

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Fifty Fourth Massachusetts Colored Infantry

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Black regiment, refused to accept their (unequal to whites') pay as resistence to discrimination.
-->War Dpt equalizes wages 1864

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Andersonville

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-Confederate prison camp in Georgia,
-open stockade with no shade or shelter,
-held three times capacity of prisoners
In summer, many died from malnutrition (100/day 64)

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Clara Barton

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Organized volunteer efforts outside of Sanitary.
-Former gov't clerk, influential.
-Organized nursing & distributing of med. supplies

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"Copperheads"

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Faction of Peace democrats, who wanted to end the war by peace settlement with the CSA. Derrogatively called this.

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New York City Draft Riots

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Summer of 63, response to Union introduction of draft.

Lynching, many gov't officers killed. Esp. African Americans killed by mobs.

Five units brought fresh from Gettysburg to stop it.

Also caused by preexisting urban growth and tensions, here unsolved.

Blacks actually eased manpower gap in Union army, despite this rage against them.

Front 37

Alexander Stephens

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VP of CSA.
Sent by Davis in 65 to Hampton Roads to negotiate peace, he would not settle for less than surrender.

Front 38

Chancellorsville *

Back 38

CSA victory, N Virg May 63
Hooker vs. Jackson/ Lee
Lee's flank strategy great success.
---> South's over confidence ,as shown at Gettysburg in Pickett's charge.

Front 39

Battle of Gettysburg *

Back 39

July 1-3 1863
Pennsylvania
Lee's last major offensive. Never really recovers.
Union victory **

Third day, CSA suicidal charge under Pickett.

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Pickett's Charge

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Third day of Gettysburg, Lee feels bold move necessary, allows for this suicidal offensive attack.

All major officers involved killed or wounded.

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Sherman's March *

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Nov-Dec 64
Atlanta- Savannah

BURNS EVERYTHING
Cuts deep south off from CSA capital.
Devastation of Southern way of life.

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New England Freedman's Aid Society (Freedman's Bureau)

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Sent groups of N volunteers into Union-occupied areas of South to educate former slaves.
Latter authorized by congress in '65, continued into reconstruction.

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Special Field Order 15

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January 65, Sherman's response to special meeting with Black Ministers, set aside 400,000 acres of Confed land to be given to freed slaves in 40 acre parcels

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Election of 1864

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Lincoln vs. McClellan.
Repub victory doubtful at first, influenced strongly by Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September.

Front 45

Appomatox

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One week after CSA gov flees burning Richmond, Lee's troops surrender to Grant here, at the Court house.

Grant treated S with respect and allowed them to go home.

Front 46

Lincoln's Assasination

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April 14, 1865.
Lincoln shot at Ford's Theater in W DC

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John Wilkes Booth

Back 47

CSA sympathizer, actor
shot Lincoln