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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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law established Supreme Court w/ Chief Justice and 5 associate justices;3 fed. circuit courts;13 fed. district courts
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Alexander Hamilton
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Secretary of Treasury;Federalist;favored natl. bank
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cabinet
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group of dept. heads serve as President's chief advisors
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national bank
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bank chartered by fed. govt.;power to act on on govt. behalf on financial matters
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Republican
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member of political party supporting Jefferson's vision of strong state govt.
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two-party system
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political system dominated by two major parties
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protective tariff
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tax on imported goods intended to protect nation's business from foreign competition
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excise tax
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tax on production,sale or consumption of goods produced within a country
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neutrality
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refusal to take part in a war between other nations
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Edmond Genet
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French diplomat-recruited Americans for war against England
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Thomas Pinckney
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his Treaty of 1795-Spain gave up claim east of Mississippi except FL;opens Mississippi & port of New Orleans to American traffic
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Little Turtle
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Native American Miami chieftain victorious until forced out-Mad Anthony Wayne defeats NA's at Battle of Fallen Timbers
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John Jay
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Jay's Treaty permits British to trade furs on Amer. side of Canadian border;Amer. ships still being seized in Caribbean by Britain not resolved
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sectionalism
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put interests of one's own region ahead of interests of nation
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XYZ Affair
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1779 incident -French officials required bribe from U.S. diplomats
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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4 laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrant to U.S.
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nullification
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state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress it considers unconstitutional
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Aaron Burr
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Jefferson's running mate-became VP-killed Hamilton in duel
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Judiciary Act of 1801
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increased # of federal judges by 16-Adams appoints Federalists
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midnight judge
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Adams signed their appointments on last day of his administration
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John Marshall
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Federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice appointed by Adams
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Marbury v. Madison
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1803 judicial review established;Supreme Court has power to abolish legislative acts as unconstitutional
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Louisiana Purchase
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1803 purchase by U.S. of France's territory-Mississippi River to Rocky Mtns for $15 million
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Lewis & Clark
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expedition that opened passage way West;strenthened U.S. claims to Oregon Territory and NW coast
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Sacajawea
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NA woman;interpretor & guide to Lewis & Clark
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blockade
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use of ships or troops to prevent hostile nation from using ports or land
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impressment
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forcible seizure of men for military service
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embargo
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government ban on trade with 1 or more other nations
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War hawk
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a member of Congress who favors war w/Britain in early years of 19th century
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William Henry Harrison
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governor of Indiana territory;persuaded NA's to give up 3 million acres of land to U.S.;led victory at Battle of Tippecanoe
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Tecumseh
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Shawnee chief; defeated at Battle of Tippecanoe by Harrison
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Andrew Jackson
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American general-defeated British at Battle of New Orleans;future President
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Treaty of Ghent
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1814 armistice to stop fighting of War of 1812
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armistice
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stopping of warfare by mutual agreement
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12th amendment
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After 1800 election ended in tie, presidential electors now vote for both a presidential and vice presidential candidate
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District of Columbia
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In exchange for southerners support of debt plan, the new national capital was built in South
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Executive Branch
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enforces and administers the laws
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Depts. of Executive Branch
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Cabinet-Secy. of Treasury;Secy.of War; Secy of State;Attorney Gen.;Postmaster General
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Thomas Jefferson
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Republican;favored states;not for national govt.
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French Revolution
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revolution to overthrow monarchy in France;Jacobin's extreme group
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Gen. Josiah Harmer
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defeated by Native Amer. for Ohio area
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War of 1812
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war between U.S. & Britain in 1812;confirmed Amer. Independence/strenghtened nationalism;British blockade Chesapeake and Delaware Bays
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Treaty of Greenville
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Miami Confederacy (NA's) give up most of Ohio for $10,000 annual-less than its worth
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Rush-Bagot Agreement
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limited # of war ships on Great Lakes
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Oregon Territory
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10 yr. joint occupation by British & U.S.
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Eli Whitney
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invented cotton gin
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interchangeable parts
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components of any device designed to specifications which insure that they will fit within any device of the same type
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mass production
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production of goods in large quantities
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Cotton Kingdom
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Louisiana, Mississippi & Alabama grow cotton on large plantations
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Industrial Revolution
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massive change social and economic -replaces hand tools with with machines for large scale production
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American System
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protective tariff. resurrect national bank. sponsor development of transportation systems and internal improvements
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Henry Clay
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supported American System and Missouri Compromise
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2nd National Bank of U.S. (BUS)
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chartered for 20 years-standardizes currency nationwide
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Gibbons v. Odgen
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gives federal govt. power to regulate commerce that crosses state lines
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McCulloch
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supported national government over state governments
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John Marshall
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Chief Justice of Supreme Court;guided decisions favoring increasing power of federal govt.
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David Walker
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freed slave who called for immediate freedom by force for slaves
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Nat Turner
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formed gang of slave who killed slave owners; hung;stricter codes for slaves
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Frederick Douglas
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wrote The North Star for non violent end to slavery
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Charles Finney
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2nd Great Awakening preacher-individual responsible for own salvation
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William Lloyd Garrison
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wrote The Liberator for immediate abolition
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Dorothea Dix
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prison reforms for mentally ill
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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equal rights for women;organized Seneca Falls Convention
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Lucretia Mott
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equal rights for women;organized Seneca Falls Convention
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Cult of Domesticity
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women's work had been restricted to home and family
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Declaration of Sentiments
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Women's declaration of independence
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Lowell Mills
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long hours, low pay for immigrants and women
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Burned over districts
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West New York-many revivalist preachings
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2nd Great Awakening
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individual is responsible for own salvation
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African Americans in reform movement
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for abolition and other rights
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militant abolitionist
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abolish slavery NOW - use violence
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moderate abolitionist
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abolish slavery gradually
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problems of women's reform
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women not welcome at men's conventions
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Sojourner Truth
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former slave for women's rights, abolition, prison reform, temperance
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Market Expansion
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buy and sell goods rather than make for self
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Self sufficiency
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supply all your own needs
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specialization
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raise one or two crops to sell at home or abroad
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Goodyear
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Vulcanized rubber
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Elias Howe
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Sewing Machine
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I.M. Singer
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foot treadle for sewing machine
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Samuel Morse
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telegraph
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Fulton
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steamboat
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railroads
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eventually leads to westward movement
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Steam engine
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allows steamboats to return up the Mississippi River;lowering shipping costs to north
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National road
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opens travel westward from Maryland to Illinois
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Canals
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lowers cost to ship goods
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manifest destiny
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belief U.S. destiny is to expand to Pacific & into Mexican territory
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John O'Sullivan
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publishes in favor of Manifest Destiny in U.S. Magazine and Democratic Review
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Reasons to move west
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escape religious persecution, personal economic problems, land, new markets for goods
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Fort Laramie Treaty
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several Native American groups control central plains & receive govt. payments - promise not to attack settlers and allow forts and roads built
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Tejanos
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Mexicans living in Texas
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Empresarios
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sold real estate in Texas
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Steve Austin
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famous empresario;petition to Santa Anna for self-govt. for Texas denied
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Sam Houston
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Led battle of San Jacinto capturing Santa Anna;Pres. of Republic of Texas
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Santa Anna
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Mexican president-attacks Alamo,lost Mexican-American War
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The Alamo
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mission/fort;12 day seige led by Santa Anna
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Texas annexation
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took 8 yrs.;admitted as slave state
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Treaty of Velasco
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Texas gains independence for Mexico in exchange for freeing Santa Anna
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Mexican-American War
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dispute over Rio Grande River vs. Nueces River between Mexico and U.S.;U.S. wins with 3 prong attack;not all favored the war
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President Polk
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wanted Texas as slave state;wanted Calif. & Mexico
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Gen. Herrera
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refused to see John Slidell re: purchase of Calif. and New Mexico
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Rio Grande
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U.S. claimed as border to Mexico;Mexico claimed border was more north at Nueces River
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California
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Polk wanted for U.S.; Fremont & Kearny help attain it
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New Mexico
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Polk wanted for U.S.; Kearny seizes for U.S.
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John Slidell
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Gen. Herrera in Mexico refuses to meet re: purchase of Calif. & New Mexico
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Zachary Taylor
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leads U.S. troops at Rio Grande
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Fremont
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assists in acquisition of Calif.
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Kearny
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assists in acquisition of New Mexico and Calif.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Mexico agrees Rio Grande is border-cede Calif. & New Mexico-U.S. pays $15 million for Calif,NM,Utah,and some of Arizona,Colorado, Wyoming
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Gadsen Purchase
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U.S. pays Mexico $10 million for territory south of Gila River (to build railroad)
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3 prong attack Mexican-American War
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From North by Taylor;from west by Kearny;by Navy from Ocean/Gulf
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Wilmot Proviso
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Amendment to 1846 military appropriations bill, proposing no slaves in territory acquired in war with Mexico
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Missouri Compromise
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Series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain balance of power between slave and free states
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Free Soil Party
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Political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories
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Omnibus Bill
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Packaging 5 bills together with Compromise of 1850 failed
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Compromise of 1850
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Series of congressional measures intended to settle the major disagreements
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Stephen Douglas
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Able to pass Compromise of 1850 in separate bills
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Fugitive Slave Law
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Part of Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure escaped slaves would be returned to owners
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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1854 law giving residents of Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery
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Fort Sumter
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Charleston harbor - first shots of Civil War by Confederates
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Anaconda Plan
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3 part strategy by Union to attack Confedederacy-blockade/Mississippi to split/capture Richmond(capital)
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Bull Run
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Union retreated-war longer than thought
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Stonewall Jackson
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gave South first victory at Bull Run
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George McClellan
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weak general who could have finished off Lee at Antietem but didn't
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Strong military commander
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Shiloh
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Union attacked (surprise) -Grant regrouped and Confederates retreated
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David G. Farragut
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Admiral who helped secure the Mississippi River and cut South in half
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Robert E. Lee
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Confederate military commander
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Antietem
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bloodiest battle, South retreated, McClellan didn't pursue Lee to end war earlier
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Emancipation Proclamation
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Lincoln's executive order freeing slaves in rebellious regions of South
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habeus corpus
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court order requiring authorities to bring prisoner before court to determine if prisoner is held legally
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Copperheads
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Northern Democrats for peace with South
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conscription
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military draft to supplement army volunteers
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bounty
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North offered volunteers payment to serve in army
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Fort Pillow
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massacre by Confederates of 200+ mostly African American prisoners
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income tax
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tax to pay for war taken from individuals earnings
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Andersonville
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Horrific Confederate run prison
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Clara Barton
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'angel of battlefield' nurse for Union
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Gettysburg
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Turning point battle in PA won by Union's Meade
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Chancellorsville
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South victory for Lee in VA
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Vicksburg
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Grant won this campaign to secure top of Mississippi River
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Gettysburg Address
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Lincoln's speech recognizing U.S. as a single nation
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William T. Sherman
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marched through Georgia to sea destroying everything in his path
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Appomattox
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Court house in VA where Lee surrendered to Grant in 1865
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Monitor
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North's ironclad ship - battle with South's ship Merrimack ended in a draw
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Merrimack
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South's ironclad ship
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13th Amendment
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ends slavery
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John WIlkes Booth
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Southern sympathizer assassinated Lincoln
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Andrew Johnson
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to be readmitted Southern states must swear allegiance to Union, ratify 13th Amendmt., declare secession illegal
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Reconstruction
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U.S. rebuilds South after Civil War
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Radical Republicans
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proposed laws to grant rights to African Americans after Civil War
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Thaddeus Stevens
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leader of Radical Republicans aimed to destroy political power of former slave holders
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Wade-Davis Bill
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proposed for state to be formed during Reconstruction a majority (not just 10%) make oath supporting Constitution
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Freedman's Bureau
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assisted former slaves and poor whites in South with food/clothing/education
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black codes
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discriminatory laws severly restricting African Americans after Civil War
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14th Amendment
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granted full citizenship to African Americans
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15th Amendment
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grants right to vote to African Americans
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scalawags
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white Southerner who joined Republican Party after Civil War
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carpetbaggers
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Northerner who moved to South after Civil War-some assisted former slaves,some came for land,some to exploit
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Hiram Revels
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1st African American senator
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sharecropping
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landowners in South give farm workers land, seed, tools in exchange for part of crops raised
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tenant farming
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farm workers supply own tools and rent farmland for cash
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Ku Klux Klan
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secret organization of white supremists who used terrorist tactics against African Americans after Civil War
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Panic of 1873
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series of financial failures - triggered 5 year depression
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redemption
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Southern Democrats term for return to power in South in 1870's
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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won Presidential election of 1876-withdrew troops from South ending Reconstruction
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Samuel Tilden
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won popular vote for Pres. in 1876 -lost electoral vote to Rutherford B. Hayes
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home rule
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running state government without federal intervention
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