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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
A patient presents with gross hematuria. What should you do?
GROSS HEMATURIA MUST ALWAYS BE INVESTIGATED.

Investigations may include urinalysis with cytology, cystoscopy, imaging.
What is an IVP?
Intravenous pyelogram: contrast radiograph of the urinary system.
What does LUTS refer to?
Lower urinary tract symptoms.
What does BPE stand for?
Benign prostatic enlargement.
What does BPH refer to?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia.
What does BOO stand for?
Bladder outlet obstruction.
Into which 3 categories can LUTS be divided into?
Storage symptoms
Voiding symptoms
Post-micturition symptoms
What are the "storage symptoms" of LUTS"?
Increased frequency
Nocturia
Urgency
What are the "voiding symptoms" of LUTS?
Hesitancy
Straining
Slow stream
Intermittent stream
Terminal dribble
What are the "post-micturition" symptoms of LUTS?
Dribbling
Feeling of incomplete voiding
What are the 2 principle pharmacological treatment options for BPH?
Alpha adrenergic blockers (reduce smooth muscle tone)

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
What does 5-alpha reductase do?
Enzyme involved in the conversion of testosterone to DHT. DHT then goes on to promote prostate hyperplasia.
BPH has a static and a dynamic component. Which component do alpha-adrenergic blockers work on?
Dynamic component (they don't affect prostate size)
BPH has a static and a dynamic component. Which component do 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors work on?
The static component (they inhibit the conversion of testosterone to DHT)
What does TURP refer to?
Trans-urethral resection of the prostate.
Give two indications for surgery in a patient with BPH.
Urinary retention
UTIs
Name the guiding principle for suspected urethral traumatic injury.
Do no further damage.

I.e. do not stick a catheter up there if there are signs of injury (e.g. blood at the meatus, high-riding prostate)
Name the sign you must look for on physical exam that suggests traumatic injury to the urethra.
Blood at the meatus.
What diagnostic test is employed to investigate traumatic injury to the urethra?
Retrograde urethrogram (RUG)
What diagnostic test is employed to investigate traumatic injury to the kidney?
CT with contrast
What imaging technique is employed to investigate suspected traumatic injury to the bladder?
Cystogram