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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the urinary system consists of?
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-pair of kidneys
-pair of ureters -urinary bladder -urethra |
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What is the function of the pair of ureters?
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to transport urine away from the kidneys
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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sacked shape to store urine
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What is the function of the urethra?
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a tube to convey urine to the outside of the body
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What are the primary organs of the urinary system and describe them?
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reddish brown, bean shaped. *maintains homeostasis by:
1. excretion of metabolic wastes such as water, urea, and uric acid 2. disposal of excess water and salts 3. regulation of pH of blood and body fluids |
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Describe the kidneys and its position
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-The kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral body at T12-L3.
-Left kidney is higher -retroperitoneal, behind the parietal peritoneum against the deep muscle of the back -held in place by connective tissue (renal fascil) and adipose tissue |
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How does the blood flow through the kidney?
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Each kidney receives blood from a renal artery and is drained by a renal vein.
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Where do the blood vessels and ureters connect with the kidney?
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at its hilus (indention at medial border)
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What is covering the kidneys?
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renal capsule- a strong capsule of connective tissue
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What does the superior end of the ureter expand to form?
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renal pelvis- funnel shaped
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What is the renal pelvis divided into?
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pelvis is divided into 2 or 3 tubes called major calyces and they are divided into several (8-14) minor calyces
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What layers does the kidney consist of?
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outer renal cortex, inner renal medulla, and the renal medulla
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What does the cortex form
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a shell around the medullla
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What is the renal medulla composed of?
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renal pyramids- conical masses of tissue
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What is the functional unit of the kidney? how many?
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nephron- million microscopic units
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What is the functional unit of the kidney and what does it consist of?
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2 main structures: renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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What does the renal corpuscle consist of? what happens there?
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composed of a tangled cluster of blood capillaries called glomerus and a thin wall sacked structure called a Bowman's capsule that surrounds the glomerus
blood is filtered |
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What happens in the renal tubule?
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filtered fluid is passed through
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What does blood flow into the glomerus through?
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afferent arteriole
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Where are the renal corpuscle, the proximal convoluted tubule, and distal convoluted tubule of nephron located?
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with the renal cortex
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Where are the loops of Henle?
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they dip into the medulla
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What is the primary function of the nephrons?
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removal of waste substances from blood
regulation of water and electrolyte with in body fluids |
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What is the end products of the nephrons functions?
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urine which is excreted to the outside of the body, carrying wastes, excess water, and excess electrolytes
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What does urine formation involve?
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filtration into renal tubules of various substances within glomerular capillaries, reabsorption of needed substances by the renal tubules and collecting ducts, and secretion of unneeded substances
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Why does dehydration not occur?
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because 99% of filtrate is returned to blood leaving only about 1% to be excreted as urine
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Glomerular filtration is _______, however tubular reabsorption is _____.
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Glomerular filtration is not a selective process (usefull substances are filtered as well as waste)
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective |
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How does the body maintain a steady volume and composition of blood?
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by maintaining urine volume
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What is the secretion of water by the kidneys is regulated by?
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an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituatary gland
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What is the function of ADH?
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it is a chemical messanger carrying information from the brain to the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys.
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What is salt excretion regulated by
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hormones, mainly aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal glands.
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What increases urine volume by inhibiting reabsorption of water?
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diuretics
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Which beverages contain diuretics?
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coffee
tea alcohol |
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Expelling urine is referred to as?
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urination or micturition
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At around what volume of urine and what happens?
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about 300 ml special nerve endings (stretch receptors) in the bladder wall are stimulated
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Describe the urinary bladder?
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hollow
distensible muscular organ in pelvic cavity behind pubic symphasis |
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Where is the bladder in males? in females?
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it lies against the rectum posteriorly in males
it contacts anterior walls of the uterus and vagina in females |
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What does the internal floor of the bladder consist of?
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trigone- has an opening at each of its 3 angles.
posteriorly- base of trigone opens to ureters anterior and apex- opens into urethra called internal urethral orifice |
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Describe the wall of the bladder?
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consists of 4 layers
inner layer called mucous coat |
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Where is transitional epithelium located in the bladder?
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in the inner layer (mucous coat)
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Describe transitional epithelium?
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adapts to change in tension and its thickness changes as the bladder expands and contracts.
During distention it may be 2-3 cells thick During contraction it may be 5-6 cells thick |
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What is the frequency of adult kidney cancers?
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2% of all cancers
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What is the most common malignancy involving the kidney?
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renal cell
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Age: renal cell ca of kidney
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55-60 yrs
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Renal cell ca of kidneys increasing or decreasing? linked to?
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increasing
-greater longevity -increased exposure to carcinogenics 3X more frequent in males little variation among race and ethnicity |
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Possible etiology factors of renal cell ca of kidneys?
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-tobacco users
-nitrosamines -genetic- Von Hipple-Lindau disease -hormones -obesity -radiation |
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What % of renal pelvis and ureter tumors are malignant renal tumors?
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15%
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What is the histology of ureter and renal pelvis tumors?
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transition cell ca
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Which is most common ca of parencymal tissues?
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adenocarcinomas
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Other names of renal cell adenocarcinomas?
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hypernephromas
Grawitz tumor which include several varients such as clear cell ca and granular cell ca (which is based on cyology appearence) |
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What symptoms to pts with ca of kidneys present with?
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A classic triad of pain, hematuria, and flank mass
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How are renal tumors commonly found?
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diagnostic studies
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What is the most common presenting symptom of renal ca?
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hematuria
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Mets are present in what % of renal ca pt at time of dx?
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50%
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