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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intermediate mesoderm forms a longitudinal elevation along the dorsal body known as what?
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Urogenital Ridge
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What portion of the Urogenital ridge will give rise to the urinary system?
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Nephrogenic Cord
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Nephrogenic cord develops into what 3 sets of nephric structures?
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Pronephros
Mesonephros Metanephros |
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________ consists of excretory tubules that contact blood vessels medially and enter the Mesonephric duct laterally.
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Mesonephros
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What is another name for Mesonephric Ducts?
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Wolffian Duct
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What is part of the hindgut that lies caudal to the allantoic diverticulum?
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Cloaca
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Cloaca is divided by the Urorectal septum, making what two areas?
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Urogenital sinus
Primitive Rectum |
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Urectal septum will continue to move inferiorly after dividing the cloaca, to form what?
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thicken to form Perineal body
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Primitive Urogenital Sinus will further divided into what divisions?
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VUC (vesicourethral canal) is cranial
DUC (definitive urogenital sinus) is caudal |
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What opens up at the junction of the vesicourethral canal and the definitive urogenital sinus?
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Mesonephric Duct
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What is a diverticulum of the caudal part of the Mesonephric duct?
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Ureteric Bud
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What forms from the inductive influence of the ureteric bud?
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Metanephros (definitive kidney)
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Coelomic epithelium and underlying mesoderm of the Urogenital ridge proliferate to form what?
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Gonadal Ridge (gonads appear on medial side of UG ridge)
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What is Segmented Intermediate mesoderm?
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Pronephric System
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What is Unsegmented Intermediate Mesoderm?
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Mesonephric System
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What is Unsegmented Mesoderm?
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Metanephric System
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What lies lateral to the attached dorsal mesentery and is covered by coelomic epithelium?
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Urogenital Ridge
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What is the cranialmost nephric structure that develops in week 3 and dissapears end of week 4?
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Pronephros
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What develops by the differentiation of mesoderm within the nephrogenic cord and functional for only a short period?
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Mesonephros
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What develops as an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct and from a condensation of mesoderm within the nephrogenic cord?
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Metanephros
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What is the caudalmost nephric structure that begins to develope in week 5 and is functional at about week 10?
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Metanephros
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Lateral nephrotomes unite to form what?
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Mesonephric duct on each side. Lumen of each nephrotome will open into mesonphric duct and body cavity
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Uteric bud penetrates the Metanephric Mesoderm and undergoes repeated branching (12 or so) to form what?
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Collecting System: Ureters, renal pelvis, major calyces, minor calyces, and collecting ducts.
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Mesonephros and Mesonephric Duct run from Upper Thoracic to ________.
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Upper Lumbar
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When do Mesophrenic Tubules appear as excretory tubules in the fetus?
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4th week
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What forms as small vessels extend from dorsal aorta? (these tufts of capillaries will protrude into Bowmans capsule)
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Glomeruli
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Collecting system develops from ______________ and Excretory system develops from _______________.
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Collecting- Mesonephros
Excretory- Metanephros |
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What is part of the Urinary System is derived from Metanephrogenic cap/Blastema?
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Cortex and Medulla
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What happens in week 10 after glomeruli formation?
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Urine Formation
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How long are nephrons formed in the fetus?
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till birth, then no more are formed. about 1 million nephrons in each kidney.
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What causes the kidney to ascend from the sacral region to the lumbar region?
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Abdominal growth
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What kind of rotation does the kidney produce as it ascends to the lumbar region?
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90 degrees medial rotation
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What causes the kidneys to stop ascending?
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When come in contact with Suprarenal Glands (9th week)
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Kidneys are initially supplied by Lateral Sacral Arteries and then are supplied by __________.
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Renal A (Lateral Splanchnic Br. of abdominal aorta at IV L1/L2)
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What does the urinary bladder epithelium develope from?
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cranial part of VUC (endoderm)
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What does the Trigone epithelium develop from?
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Absorbed mesonephric ducts (mesoderm) but later is overgrown by surrounding endodermal cells
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What do the muscular and serous walls of the bladder develop from?
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Splanchnic Mesoderm
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Allantois will atrophy and will become known as what?
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urachus (median umbilical ligament)
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In what week are the primary sex cords, paramesonephric ducts and indifferent gonads made?
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6th week
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Gonads develop from what three sources?
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Primordial Germ cells
Mesothelium Underlying Mesenchyme |
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Gonadal ridge and Primordial Germ cells incorporate to develop what?
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Primary sex cords
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Gonads aquire male/female morphological characteristic by what week?
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7th week
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What is the mesothelium lining the Gonadal ridge called?
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Mesodermal Coelomic Epithelium
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In the female,primary sex cords degenerate and secondary sex cords break apart and form what?
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Primordial Follicles, which contain primary oocytes. Derived from mesoderm.
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What encodes for the protein Testis-determining factor?
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Sry gene
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In absence of TDF, what will develop?
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Female development
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What develops from the Primary sex cords extending into the medulla of the gonad? Do for male and female.
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Male- tunica albuginea forms, seminferous cords, tubuli recti, rete testi etc.
Female- will degenerate |
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What develops from the Primary sex cords extending in to the cortex of the gonad?
Do for male and female. |
Male- cortex degenerates
Female- tunica albuginia forms, primordial follicles |
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When you see primordial sex cords, for the male think________ and for the female think____________.
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male- medulla
female- cortex |
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How do Paramesonephric Ducts develop in the female?
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Passively
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Mesonephric Duct passively regress in which gender?
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Female
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The testis will release what two substances that will further the development of the male?
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MIS- Mullerian Inhibiting Substance which will cause the Paramesonephric Ducts to actively regress.
Testosterone- actively develop Mesonephric Ducts- rest of male parts |
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What will cause active regression of the Paramesonephric Ducts?
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MIS (Mullerian Inhibiting Substance) aka AMH (Antimullerian Hormone)
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What will cause active development of the Mesonephric Ducts into male parts?
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Testosterone released from testis
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Testis cords (medullary cords) develop from what?
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Mesodermal Coelomic Epithelium
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Testis cords(medullary cords) will canalize and form what in the 6th week?
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Seminiferous Tubules
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Dense CT in the 4th month will seperate the testis from the surface epithelium forming what?
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Tunica Albuginea
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Testis cords are composed of what two cell types?
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Primordial Germ cells and
Sertolli cells |
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What develop from mesenchyme of Gonadal ridge and produce testosterone at the 8th week?
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Interstial cells of Leydig
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What produces the MIS that will suppress the Paramesnepric duct?
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Sertolli cells (aka Sustenacular cells)
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Sertolli cells will produce MIS up till when?
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puberty
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During testis descent, where are they at the 3rd month, 7th month, and lastly the 8th month?
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3rd month- Deep Inguinal RIng
7th month- thru Inguinal Canal 8th month- scrotum |
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Cortical cords in females invade the mesenchym and form what?
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clusters around primordial germ cells (oogonia) giving rise to Follicular Cells
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In the female, where you can you find remnants of the Mesonephric Duct?
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mesovarium
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What in the female was the former site of the Mesonephric duct?
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mesovarium
Appendix Vesiculosa Epoophoron |
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Tissues that form the Round ligament in females is analogous to what in males?
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Gubernaculum (scrotal lig.)
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Ovaries decend by the Gubernaculum extending from the ovary to what?
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labial swelling
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Cranial part of the Gubernaculum in the female will become what?
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Ligament of the Ovary
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Caudal part of the Gubernaculum in the female will become what?
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Round ligament of the uterus which is attached to the labium major
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What is a persistent Processus Vaginalais in the female?
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Canal Of Nuck
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With developement of the prostate, endodermal buds proliferate what?
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Epithelium of caudal part of VUC and Pelvic part of UG sinus
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Proliferation of the endodermal buds into the VUC and UG will form what?
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Prostatic Acini
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What causes the cloaca to divide into Urogenital Region and Anorectal Region?
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Urorectal septum descending
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What develops into the Labia Minora in females?
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Labioscrotal Swellings (aka Genital swellings) and the Urogenital Membrane
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What develops into the Labia Majora in females?
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Labrioscrotal Swellings (aka Genital swellings)
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What is the line of fusion of Labioscrotal swellings in the male?
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Scrotal Raphe
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What is the line of fusion of the Urogenital folds in the male?
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Penile Raphe
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Urethral folds fuse in the males develop into what?
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Penile Urethra
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Urethral folds remain unfused in the female to form what?
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Labia Minora
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The phallus (aka Genital Tubercle) will develop into what?
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Glans Penis or Clitoris
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Urogenital folds form what in males?
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ventral aspect of penis
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Labioscrotal swellings in the male forms what?
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scrotum
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Anterior wall of the VUC will form what in the male?
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Prostatic and Membranous Urethra
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Posterior wall of the Prostatic Urethra develops from what?
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absorbed parts of the mesonephric duct
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What develops in the male from Definitive Urogenital Sinus and fusion of the urethral folds?
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Spongy Urethra
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With the development of the Suprarenal Glands, the cortex is derived from ________ and the medulla is derived from ___________.
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cortex- mesoderm by 6th week
medulla- migration of neural crest cells (ectoderm) |
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What is the name for when there is absence of both kidneys and the nephrons fail to develop, ureteric bud fails to divide, and collecting ducts do not form?
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Bilateral Renal Agenesis
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What is an abnormal growth of immature cells that results in decreased number of mature normal cells?
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Renal Dysplasia
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What are two examples of Bilateral Renal Agenesis?
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Multiple Dysplastic Agenesis
Renal Dysplasia |
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What is the clinical presentation of Bilateral Renal Agenesis?
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Potters Sequence
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What syndromes make up Potter's Sequence?
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Anuria
Oligohydraminos Pulmonary Hypoplasia severe genital defects |
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What is incomplete formation of lung because little or no urine is excreted into amniotic cavity?
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Pulmonary Hypoplasia
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What is it called when during kidney ascent past the R/L common iliac arteries, the lower kidney poles fuse and can't ascend past the IMA?
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Horseshoe Kidney
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What is congenital fusion of both poles of embryonic kidneys to form one mass on midline?
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Pancake Kidney
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What are Polar Arteries?
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Aberrant Renal Ateries
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Abberrant Renal Arteries are accessory Renal A that on their way to the inferior pole of the kidney they cross anterior to the Ureter. What can this cause?
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Hydronephrosis- distention and dilation of Renal pelvis
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What can happen due to the failure of Excretory Tubules of Metanephros to establish contact with collecting tubules and urine can't drain from DCT, so dilation occurs?
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Congenital Polycystic Kidney
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What is persistence of fetal lobulation called?
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Lobulated Kidney
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What is a nephroblastoma that is commonly noticed at age 3?
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Wilm's Tumor
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Wilm's tumor (WT1 and WT2) can be related to a gene mutation on what chromosome?
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chromosome 11
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What are two syndromes associated with Wilm's Tumor?
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WAGR syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome
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What presents with Wilm's Tumor, Pseudohermaphroiditism, and Glomerulopathy?
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Denys-Drash Syndrome
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What presents with Wilm's tumor, Aniridia, Hemihypertrophy, and genital malformations?
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WAGR syndrome
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What may be due to faulty development of Mesonephric duct and presents with ureter opening into vagina, urethra or vestibule?
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Ectopic Ureter
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What is due to lack of mesodermal migration below umbilicus followed by rupture of thin layer of ectoderm?
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Ectopia Vesicae
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Ectopia Vesicae is mainly associated with males and can be associated with ____________.
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Epispadias
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What would be a cause of a weeping umbilicus?
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Urachus Fistula- persistence of allantois, so urine is draining from umbilicus
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What is chordee?
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ventral curvature of the penis
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Is the most common form of Hypospadias?
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Glandular Hypospadias with chordee- external urethral orifice is on ventral aspect of glans
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What is it called when the external urethral orifice is on the dorsal aspect of the penis?
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Epispadias
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What is caused by a lack of production of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal glands?
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
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Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia have an increase in cortical cells resulting in what?
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excessive androgen production in fetal life
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in females presents with what?
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pseudohermaphrodite-mascularization of external genitalia, enlarged clitoris and persistent urogenital sinus
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What is an effect of Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia in both sexes?
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accelerated skeletal maturation and rapid growth known as Adrenogenital Syndrome
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What is a syndrome that presents with 47 XXY, phenotypically male, impaired sexual maturation, and underadrenogenization?
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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What is phenotypically female but may have XY complement, no oocytes and malformed gonads?
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Gonadal Dysgenesis
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What is a syndrome with 45 XO, short stature, and gonadal dysgenesis?
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Turners Syndrome
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What is Swyer Syndrome?
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XY Female Gonadal Dysgenesis- deletion of SRY gene resulting in no secondary sexual characteristics
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What is it called when someone has 46XX, has a uterus, and ambiguous external genitalia?
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True Hermaphrodites
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What is it called when your genotypic sex is masked by you phenotype appearance?
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Pseudohermaphrodites
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What is an Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
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Testicular Feminization Syndrome- x linked recessive disorder that lacks androgen receptors
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What syndrome has testis with seminiferous tubules, but no germ cells, and instertial cells of Leydig are hypoplastic?
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Testicular Feminization Syndrome
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What is the syndrome that the patient has testes and MIS, but no uterus and uterine tubes, and the vagina is short and blind?
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Testicular Feminization Syndrome- considered FEMALE
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What syndrome has external genitalia of a female, 46 XY karyotype and has testes?
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Testicular Feminization Syndrome
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Paramesonephric ducts in the female develop what?
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uterus and uterine tubes
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Mesonephric duct in males forms what?
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appendix of epidydimus
duct of epidydimus ductus deferens ureter, pelvis, calices, and collecting tubules ejaculatory duct seminal vesicles |
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Mesonephric duct in females forms what?
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uterer, pelvis, calices, and collecting tubules
appendix vesiculosa duct of epoophoron duct of Gartner |
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Urogenital sinus develops what in the male?
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bladder
urethra prostate gland bulbourethral glands |
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Urogenital sinus develops what in the female?
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bladder
urethra vagina urethral and paraurthreal glands Great Vestibular glands |
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What is the most common renal malignancy of childhood?
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Wilm's tumor
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What is it called when two ureters drain into one kidney?
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Duplex kidney
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When does the metanephros become functional?
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begins to form at week 5 and starts to function at week 10
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A urachal cysts is a remnant of the ___________.
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allantois
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During surgery for a bening cyst on the kidney, the surgeon notes that the patients right kidney has two ureters and two renal pelvises. This malformation is caused by what?
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Premature division of Utereric bud
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Transitional epithelium lining the urinary bladder develops from what?
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Endoderm- bladder dev. from upper part of UG sinus
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Transitional epithelium lining the ureter develops from what?
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Mesoderm- because develops from utereric bud, which is a diverticulum of the mes. duct
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The trigone of the posterior wall of the urinary bladder is formed by what?
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incorporation of lower end of the mesonephric ducts
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The indifferent embryo begins phenotypic sexual differentiation during when?
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week 7
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The indifferent embryo completes phenotypic sexual differentiation during when?
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week 20 it's complete (can be recognized by week 12)
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The labia minora arise embryologically from which of the following structures?
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Urogenital folds- remain unfused
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The uterine tubes of the adult female are derived embryologically from which of the following?
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Paramesonephric Ducts
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The most common cause of Testicular Feminization syndrome is what?
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lack of androgen receptors
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In the male, failure of the urethral folds to fuse completely results in what?
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Hypospadias
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