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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the functions of the Kidney.
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(1) excretion of waste products of
metabolism, (2) elimination of foreign substances and their breakdown products, (3) regulation of total body water, (4) maintenance of the extracellular fluid volume, (5) regulation of various salts, (6) control of acid-base balance, (7) endocrine functions: affect blood formation (erythropoietin) and blood pressure (renin), vitamin D synthesis and thus calcium homeostasis, (8) reproduction function: in male the urethra conveys semen. |
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List the 3 processes involved in the formation of urine.
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Formation
Secretion Reabsorption |
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____________: an ultrafiltration (glomerular filtrate) of blood plasma is formed
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filtration
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______________: additional substances are moved by tubule lining cells from renal interstitium into the filtrate within tubule lumen
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Secretion
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________________:substances moved from tubule lumen (total length may be 6.5 cm) back into renal interstitium
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Reabsorption
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A distinctive spherical arrangement of fenestrated capillaries is termed a ____________.
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glomerulus
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A distinctive spherical arrangement of fenestrated capillaries termed a glomerulus is invaginated into the proximal blind end of a kidney tubule, this unit (and the capsule) is known as a _______________.
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renal corpuscle
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The fluid that passes through the walls of the glomerular capillaries is known as ________________________.
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glomerular filtrate
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The medial concave border of the kidney is penetrated by a vertical slit called
the ______________. |
renal hilum
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expanded portion of the ureter
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renal pelvis
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List the structures that pass through the renal hilum.
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Branches of
the renal artery, vein, lymphatics and nerves, as well as the expanded portion of the ureter (called the renal pelvis) |
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_______ is the cavity which contains the renal pelvis.
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Renal Sinus
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The branches of the renal pelvis and the branches of those are called ________.
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Calyces
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The kidney can be divided into and outer ________ and an inner ________________.
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outer cotex
inner medulla |
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The cortex consists of a broad outer zone and projections that extend toward the renal sinus called the ________.
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Renal columns
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The medulla consists of 8-12 conical structures with a striated appearance called ___________________.
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Medullary pyramids
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From the base, parallel arrays of tubules, the ___________, penetrate the cortex.
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Medullary rays
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Each medullary ray represents an aggregation of the straight portion of several ___________ and associated collecting ducts.
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nephrons
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One lobe consists of a medullary __________ and the cortical substance that surrounds it -- like the cap of an acorn.
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Pyramid
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A medullary ray is cosidered part of the cortex/medulla????
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Cortex
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Each medullary ray, which is considered a part of the cortex, forms the center of a further division, the ________.
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Lobule
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Are kidney lobules seperated by CT septa?
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NO
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the boundaries of the lobule are demarcated by interlobular __________.
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Vessels
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The _________ is the renal corpuscle and a tubular functional unit of the kidney, with each kidney having about 2 million.
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Nephron
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This nephron consists of a ________________characterized by different cell types with various functions along its length
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blind-ending tubule
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The double-layered cup that surrounds the glomerulus is called ____________.
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Bowman's capsule
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What are the poles of the nephron?
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Vascular
Urinary |
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where the afferent and efferent vessels enter and leave the glomerulus
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Vascular pole
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where Bowman's capsule is continuous with the first segment of the nephron.
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Urinary pole
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The renal __________ is the filtration unit, producing 180 liters of plasma
filtrate every 24 hours |
Corpuscle
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Discuss the type of capillary found in a glomerulous.
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The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated (sometimes large fenestrae) with no diaphragms
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The inner layer of Bowman's capsule called the _________ layer, consists of modified epithelial cells called _______.
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Visceral
podocytes |
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Podocytes contain numerous processes, which in turn contain secondary processes called ___________.
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pedicles (little feet) or foot processes
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Pedicular interdigitation results in ______________of uniform 25nm distance between them
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Filtration slits
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These slits are bridged by a thin layer of material of unknown composition called the filtration slit membrane; thinner than a cell membrane; __________is a transmembrane protein of this membrane.
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nephrin
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What are the components of the filtration barrier?
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The glomerular capillary endothelium
the processes of podocytes The glomerular basement membrane |
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_________________is derived as a fusion of capillary and podocyte-produced basal laminae and is 300 to 350 nm in thickness
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The glomerular basement membrane
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______________________ is the outer layer of Bowman's capsule.
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Parietal layer
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____________ is the inner layer of Bowman's capsule.
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visceral layer
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The space between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's capsule is the _____________________
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Urinary space
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__________ is the receptacle of the plasma filtrate with particles greater than albumin (mw 69,000) passing sparingly into the filtrate.
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Urinary space
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What excessive excretions are diagnostically important for renal disease?
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PROTEIN, proteinuria or albuminuria
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The renal corpuscle contains an additional group of cells called _________________. These cells synthesize a surrounding, supportive matrix for the glomerular capillaries.
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mesangial cells
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What is the function of mesangial cells?
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synthesize a surrounding, supportive matrix for the glomerular capillaries
(1) phagocytosis of trapped particles from the basal lamina; (2) providing structural support; (3) regulation of blood flow due to their contractile activity; (4) secrete IL-1 and PDGF and others. Mesangial cells proliferate in certain kidney diseases. |
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List the titles of the mesangial cells by location.
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intra/extraglomerular
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These extraglomerular mesangial cells also have been designated as ______cells and form a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
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Lacis
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What are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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The macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and the
extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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Juxtaglomerular cells are modified _________________ cells.
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Smooth mm
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What is found in the granules of juxtaglomerular cells?
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Renin
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What is the function of Renin?
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catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen
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Where is Angiotensinogen produced?
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Liver
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Where does angiotensin 1 get converted into angiotensin 2?
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Lung endothelial cells
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______________ is thought to be a secretion of the extraglomerular mesangial cells.
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Erythropoietin
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The macula densa cells appear to monitor NaCl concentration. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles and stimulating the secretion of ______________.
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Aldosterone
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How does Aldosterone affect BP?
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Aldosterone acts on cells of the renal tubules (mostly distal tubules) to increase absorption of NaCl. This increases the fluid volume and thus blood pressure.
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Trace a flow of a erythocyte from the glomerulus to the inner medullary collecting duct.
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1 - Glomerulus
2 - PCT 3 - PST 4 - Descending thin limb 5 - Ascending thin limb 6 - DST 7 - Macula densa 8 - DCT 9 - Collecting tubule 10 - Cortical collecting duct 11 - Outer medullary collecting duct 12 - Inner medullary collecting duct or papillary duct |
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_________________ is modified as it passes through the kidney tubules.
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Glomerular filtrate
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__________ is partially reabsorbed while ____________ is completely reabsorbed by the tubules.
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Sodium is partially
Glucose is completely |
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__________ is added, the filtrate volume is reduced and the urine is made __________.
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creatinine
hypertonic |
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A ______________system is instrumental in concentrating the urine.
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countercurrent multiplier
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What are the 2 parts of the proximal tubule/thick segment?
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proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the straight portion
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What are the morphologic characteristics of the PCT epithelia? What makes it acidophilic?
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Simple cuboidal with Brush border
Mitochondria dense |
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The lateral surfaces of the PCT interdigitate, and the basal surfaces are folded allowing for movement of ________.
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Sodium
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70% of fluid is reabsorbed from the lumen of the PCT due to the movement of _______.
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sodium
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The epithelium of the thin segment varies
with most, being ____________. |
simple squamous
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The thin segment is part of the countercurrent
exchange system and it is responsible for producing the ______________environment of the medullary interstitium. |
hypertonic
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List the components of the distal thick segment.
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This segment is
comprised of the distal straight tubule, the macula densa, and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
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Do you find a brush boreder in the distal thick segment?
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NO
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Would you find more mitochondria in proximal or distal thick segment?
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Proximal
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These ducts begin in the cortical labyrinth (draining DCTs) and
proceed to the medullary rays where they drain into larger collecting ducts |
Collecting ducts
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As collecting ducts pass into the pyramid they converge and form larger collecting ducts and near the apex of pyramid they are called _________ ducts.
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papillary
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Are there lateral interdigitations between the papillary duct epithelia?
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NOPE
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____________________are a major component of the urine-concentrating mechanism.
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Collecting ducts
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What are the 2 important cells in the collecting duct?
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light/principal cells
Intercalated cells |
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What is the function of light/principal cells?
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secretes K+,
reabsorbs sodium |
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What is the function of intercalated cells?
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secretes HCO3- into the blood
secretes H+ into the duct lumen |
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Discuss the morphology of Light cells.
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usually lighter staining and have a smooth apical border with short microvilli and an apical nonmotile cilium
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Discuss the morphology of intercalated cells.
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apical folds of microplicae and contain lots of vesicles and abundant mitochondria (mitos make dark).
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Which cell in collecting ducts contains an immotile cilium?
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Light cell
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What is the function of the interstitial cells of the kidney?
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interstitial tissue of the kidney is found in the space outside of
the basal laminae and surrounding the components of the nephrons, the blood, and lymphatic vessels. This tissue and solution in the spaces has an important role in concentration of the urine by influencing the resorption of water. |
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Discuss the arterial circulation of the kidney beginning with the renal artery.
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renal artery > interlobular aa > arcuate aa > interlobular aa > afferent arterioles > efferent arterioles > peritubular caps
Vasa recta |
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________Conducts urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
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ureter
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How does the ureter assist in urine flow?
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peristalsis
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Numerous _________ vesicles and ________-shaped vesicles are found in the apical cells which serve to add cell membrane during distention.
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pinocytotic
fusiform |
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Does the urinary bladder contain a serosa or adventitia?
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Both....tricky little bastard
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What type of innervation(s) does the urinary bladder receive?
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sypathetic
parasympathetic Ganglion cells are present |
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What are the 3 parts of the male urethra?
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prostatic, membranous, and
penile |
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The ejaculatory ducts empty into the _____ part of the urethra.
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prostatic
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The membranous urethra penetrates what diaphragm?
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urogenital (UG) diaphragm
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How many sphincters are associated with the urethra? Which one is made of striated mm?
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2- internal and external
external sphincter is striated mm |
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ID epithelia:
Prostatic: _______ Membranous: ___________ Penile: ______________ |
prostatic = transitional epi.
membranous = pseudostratified columnar penile = pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous near opening |
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________ is the longest portion of the urethra.
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penile...of course
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The two ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into ______________ in addition to mucous glands.
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penile urethra
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The female urethra is longer/shorter/the same as the male urethra.
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shorter
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What epi. lines the female urethra?
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pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous near opening
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In the glomerulus, _______ increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
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ANP/ANF = atrial natriuretic factor/peptide
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____________Absorbs all glucose and aa. and 85% of NaCl and water infiltrate; longest; Secretes (active process) creatinine, foreign substances, organic acids and bases.
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PCT proximal convoluted tubule
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___________Involved in H2O retention. Hypertonicity in interstitium influences.
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loop of Henle
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K+ secreted, acid-base balance(reabsorbsbicarbonate, secretes H ions)
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DCT distal convoluted tubule
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Aldosterone causes __________absorption
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sodium
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Discuss the histophysiology of the collecting ducts.
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Epithelium is responsive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin from posterior pituitary. ADH causes epithelial cells to become permeable to water, creating vesicles for water channels. Urea secretion can be controlled in this portion. Acid-base balance is controlled via cell types found in the CD. ADH binds to base of principal cell and AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 mediate water transport.
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Secreted by cardiac muscle cells in atrial appendages and ventricular septum.
A potent diuretic, and it increases sodium excretion. It also suppresses aldosterone secretion. |
ANF/ANP
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