Urinary System ( Jomar)

Front 1

Urine leaving kidneys, travels along the following pathway to the exterior?

Back 1

Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Front 2

Which organ does not belong to the urinary system?
a:Urethra b:Gall Bladder c:Urinary Bladder d: Kidneys
c: Ureters

Back 2

B: Gall Bladder

Front 3

The initial factor which determines if urine production occurs is
a: Secretion, b:Absorption
c: Sympathetic stimulation
d: Filtration

Back 3

d: Filtration

Front 4

Arrange in correct sequence from superior to deep?
a: Renal Capsule b:renal Medulla c:Renal Cortex, D: renal Pevis

Back 4

Capsule,cortex,medulla, pelvis

Front 5

Name the structures that form the renal corpuscle?

Back 5

Bowman's capsule, Glomerulus

Front 6

Describe the filtration membrane. Arrange in order the layers that fluid or solutes pass through as they move from blood into the forming urine:

Back 6

Fenestrated capillary wall, B.M. of Lamina Densa,
Filtration Slits

Front 7

what are the Filtration slits in the glomerulus?

Back 7

Podocytes

Front 8

Gromerular filtration is a process of pushing or Pulling? fluids and dilutes out of the glomerulus and into the fluid known as____?

Back 8

pushing, Glomerular Filtrate

Front 9

Name the waste product elliminated through urine?

Back 9

urea, uric acid, NH4+

Front 10

What does kidneys produce to regulate Blood Pressure?

Back 10

Renin

Front 11

Which product is vital to RBC production?

Back 11

EPO (Erythropoietin

Front 12

Which affects the Calcium absorption?

Back 12

Calcitriol

Front 13

What is the location of the kidneys?

Back 13

Between T12 and L3 vertebrae

Front 14

The ___ kidney is slightly superior to the___

Back 14

Left and Right

Front 15

The kidney are in the extreme anterior, or posterioir in the abdomen

Back 15

Posterior

Front 16

The kidneys are described as ___ since they are posterior to the peritoneum?

Back 16

Retroperitoneal

Front 17

The fnctional unit of the kidney

Back 17

Nephron

Front 18

microscope structures that are divided into two parts? in the nephron

Back 18

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Front 19

Cuplike chamber of the renal corpuscles?

Back 19

Bowman's Capsule

Front 20

Spherical cluster capillaries within the renal Corpuscle

Back 20

Glomerulus

Front 21

Fluid enters from the Bowman's capsule to a series of?

Back 21

Tubules

Front 22

Tubules are divided into 3 sections

Back 22

PCT, Loop of Henli, DCT

Front 23

Several ___ drain into collecting ducts

Back 23

Nephrons

Front 24

3 main steps in urine production?

Back 24

Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion

Front 25

Blood enters the Nephron through

Back 25

Afferent Arteriole

Front 26

Blood drains From Glomerulus into

Back 26

Efferent Arteriole

Front 27

Hydrostatic Pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces fluid accros a filtration membrane formed by__

Back 27

Endothelial Cells

Front 28

of the capillary walls

Back 28

Lamina Densa

Front 29

Opening between processes of visceral epitheliun

Back 29

Filtration slits

Front 30

Glomeular Filtrate is similar to the composition of blood, but lacks these two?

Back 30

Blood cells and Plasma Protein

Front 31

Reabsorption begins when the filtrate enters the

Back 31

PCT

Front 32

In the PCT, 99% of organic nutrients are reabsorbed from filtrate?

Back 32

Glucose and Amino acids

Front 33

In the PCT, what are the ions needed that are reabsorbed

Back 33

NA sodium, K potassium, Chloride, Bicarbonate

Front 34

Forms a network around the renal tubule, receiving water and solutes as they are recovered from fitrate?

Back 34

Peritubular Capillaries

Front 35

Concentration of Urine due to?

Back 35

Counter current Multiplication system in the loop of henli

Front 36

Two hormones that affect the rate of reabsorption in the kidney.

Back 36

ADH,Adosterone

Front 37

Hormone from the renal cortex increases the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium elimination

Back 37

Aldesterone

Front 38

Which follows the movement of NA+

Back 38

Water

Front 39

what does the flow from the
Peritubular Acpillaries flow through

Back 39

Interlobular Veins

Front 40

Interlobular Veins to?

Back 40

Arcuate Vein

Front 41

Arcuate Vein to

Back 41

Interlobar Vein

Front 42

Interlobar Vein to

Back 42

Renal Vein

Front 43

ABdominal Aorta to

Back 43

Renal Artery

Front 44

Renal Artery to

Back 44

Interlobar artery

Front 45

Interlobar Artery to

Back 45

Arcuate Artery

Front 46

Arcuate Artery to

Back 46

Interlobular Artery

Front 47

Interlobular artery to

Back 47

Afferent Arteriole

Front 48

Position of kidneys

Back 48

Vertebrae T12 and L3

Front 49

Function of kidney

Back 49

Removal of metabolic waste from the blood and excretion out of body

Front 50

Red blood cell production

Back 50

EPO - Erythropoitin

Front 51

Blood Pressure Regulation

Back 51

Renin hormone

Front 52

Calcium absorption

Back 52

Calcitriol hormone

Front 53

Fat and connective tissue of kidney 3 layers

Back 53

Renal Capsule(fibrous)
Adipose capsule(fat)
Renal Fascia(kidney anchor to wall)

Front 54

Leads from each kidney to Urinary Bladder

Back 54

Ureters

Front 55

Nephroptosis

Back 55

Congenital loose kidney
thin people
not enough fat

Front 56

Concave on medial side

Back 56

Hilus

Front 57

Hilus Drains 3 parts

Back 57

Renal Vein, Artery, Ureter

Front 58

Blood that passes to capillary walls into lumen of Bowman's Capsule

Back 58

Glomerular Filtrate

Front 59

Inflamation of renal Cortex

Back 59

Glomerulonephritis

Front 60

Immune response

Back 60

Antigen-anti-body complexes

Front 61

function of PCT

Back 61

Reabsorption

Front 62

What type of cells are the PCT made of?

Back 62

Cuboidal cells

Front 63

DCT functions

Back 63

Secretion & Reabsorption

Front 64

Collecting system

Back 64

Transport tubular fluid to Pelvis

Front 65

Collecting ducts receives

Back 65

Tubular fluid from many nephrons

Front 66

Papillary duct receives

Back 66

Urine from several collecting ducts

Front 67

urine pathway

Back 67

Collecting duct->papillary duct-> minor Calyx->major calyx->renal pelvis->Ureter-> Urinary Bladder->Urethra-> out of body-> into toilet bowl

Front 68

JGA

Back 68

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Macula densa+juxtaglomerular cells

Front 69

Function of JGA

Back 69

secrete EPO
secrete Renin

Front 70

when blood pressure is low
JG secretes

Back 70

Renin and angiotensin system is activated and angiotensin is formed whichincreases Blood Pressure

Front 71

VESA RECTA

Back 71

capillary loops dip into medulla

Front 72

cortical nephrons

Back 72

shorter loop of henli and located mostly in the cortex
close to surface

Front 73

Juxtaglomerullary nephrons

Back 73

Longer loops of henli
near medulla

Front 74

3 processes of urine formation

Back 74

Glomerulus Filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

Front 75

Net Filtration Pressure

Back 75

Forces in filtration between Capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular capillary osmotic pressure due to plasma protein

Front 76

filtration pressure and rate

Back 76

GFR & NFP - PROPOTIONAL

Front 77

Reabsorption - tubule to blood

Back 77

blood to tubule - secretion

Front 78

normal pressure

Back 78

35 mm hg

Front 79

high pressure

Back 79

60 mm hg

Front 80

Liver -> Angiotensinogen

Back 80

ACE inhibitor -> angiotensin 1 & 2
Increases ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Front 81

Factors affecting GFR:

Back 81

Shock, hemorrhage ->decreases BP and GFR
Heart failure-> decreases BP & GFR
Prostate enlargement->increase tubular pressure->decrease GFR
Hypertension-> increase BP and GFR

Front 82

NA and water reabsorption

Back 82

Osmosis reabsorbs na and other solute thrugh active transport

Front 83

how many percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed

Back 83

99%

Front 84

Certain substances are reabsorbed

Back 84

h20, ions, glucose, amino acids

Front 85

in DCT, potassium and hydrogen may be passively be secreted in response to?

Back 85

active reabsorption of sodium ions

Front 86

ions in blood

Back 86

K+ and H+

Front 87

Wastes

Back 87

Ammonia, Creatine

Front 88

Other waste in bladder that is also released

Back 88

Neurotransmitters
Histamine
some drugs

Front 89

Why is the DCT and collecting ducts impermeable to water?

Back 89

So water can be excreted in dilute urine

Front 90

Role of ADH

Back 90

water conservation/increase urine concentration/ water reabsorbed

Front 91

If solute concentration is too High

Back 91

Hypothalmus-> posterior pituitary gland-> increase plasma ADH ->increase water reabsoprtion

Front 92

ADH more water reabsorbed

Back 92

concentration of blood returns to normal

Front 93

If solute concentration is too low then less ADH is secreted

Back 93

Decrease in water reabsorbed and blood becomes more diluted(less water, more salt)

Front 94

Diabetes Insipidus

Back 94

Defieciency in ADH, constant drinking, water pass through

Front 95

Counter Current Multplier

Back 95

Helps maintain the NACL (salt)concentration gradient in the medullaary interstitial fluid

Front 96

Fluid in ascending limb becomes..

Back 96

hypotonic as solute is reabsorbed

Front 97

Fuild in descending limb

Back 97

hypertonic as it looses water by OSMOSSIS

Front 98

Urine Composition

Back 98

95% water, contains :
UREA(protein catabolism)
Uric Acid(Nucleic metabolism)
Creatine(loss of tissue)
TRace amount of amno acid and electrolyte, volume varies to intake and other conditions

Front 99

ph of urine

Back 99

4.5- 8.0 (normal 6.0)

Front 100

Specific gravity of urine

Back 100

1.003- 1.030

Front 101

Volume of urine

Back 101

1.2 liters a day

Front 102

Color of urine

Back 102

clear yellow

Front 103

odor of urine

Back 103

aromatic (varies)

Front 104

Bacterial content of Urine

Back 104

Sterile

Front 105

Renal Clearance

Back 105

rate at which chemical is removed from plasma

Front 106

renal clearance test
inulin

Back 106

plant polisaccharide

Front 107

creatine clearance test

Back 107

efficiency of GFR
efficiency of kidney

Front 108

Para-aminoluppuric acid tes

Back 108

calculate GFR

Front 109

Length of Ureter

Back 109

25 cm long extended downward posterior to the parietal peritoneum(retroperitoneal)
parallel to vertebral column
joined to urinary bladder

Front 110

how does Urine flow in Ureter

Back 110

Peristalsis and gravity

Front 111

3 layers of wall of Ureter

Back 111

Mucous coat
muscular coat-Transitional en.
fibrous coat

Front 112

Urinary Bladder is located

Back 112

within the pelvic region,
posterior to pubic symphysis
inferior to parietal peritoneum

Front 113

Trigone

Back 113

Triangular area inside urinary bladder by opening w/ 3 angle

Front 114

Mucosa (urinary Bladder)

Back 114

transistional epithelium , allows stretch

Front 115

Submucosa(URINARY bLADDER)

Back 115

connects mucosa to muscularis

Front 116

Muscularis in urinary bladder

Back 116

3 layers of smooth muscle
DETRUSOR MUSCLE

Front 117

Tube that conveys urine from urinary bladder to the outside

Back 117

Urethra

Front 118

External uretral sphincter

Back 118

Skeletal muscle
Voluntary
passes through the urogenital diaphragm

Front 119

As detrusors contract the sphincters

Back 119

relax

Front 120

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Back 120

occurs as an immun reaction to streptococus infection
occurs in cortical region or short loop of henli

Front 121

Chronic Gromerulonephritis

Back 121

progressive and may result into renal failure

Front 122

Kidney stone

Back 122

CALCULI - composed of calcium

Front 123

Soundwaves used to break kidney stones

Back 123

Lithotripsy- depends on location for application

Front 124

Excessive urine output

Back 124

Polyuria

Front 125

Insufficient urine output

Back 125

Olyguria

Front 126

Painful urination

Back 126

Dysuria

Front 127

Protein in urine

Back 127

Proteinuria

Front 128

Blood in Urine

Back 128

Hematuria

Front 129

Due to mercaptan (sulfur containing compound foun in rotten eggs, garlic, etc

Back 129

Asparagu urine

Front 130

Urethra size

Back 130

Female 3-5 cm and 18-20 in male

Front 131

Urethra walls

Back 131

Smooth muscles- mucosa membrane lining

Front 132

function of ext. sphincter

Back 132

Voluntary for both male and female

Front 133

urethra pathway(reproductive ans urination)

Back 133

Seaprate-female and together in male

Front 134

Parts of Urethra

Back 134

Female-single structure
Male- Prostatic,Membranous, Penile(cavernous)

Front 135

Urination is also

Back 135

Micturition

Front 136

Urinary bladder can hold how much urine

Back 136

1 liter

Front 137

Average adult male has 40 liter of water

Back 137

divided into 2 areas
intracellular fluid(2/3-63%)
extracellular fluid(1/3-37%)

Front 138

Intracellular fluid have a high concentration of

Back 138

Potassium, magnesium, phosphates, and sulfates

Front 139

Extracellular fluid have a high concentration of

Back 139

Sodium, calcium, Chloride, Bicarbonate

Front 140

How much water intake is needed by humans?

Back 140

2500 mm -drink

Front 141

water loss

Back 141

2500mm- through urine, skin, lungs, feces - 150ml(6%)

Front 142

Dehydration causes ADH

Back 142

to increase

Front 143

Excess water intake causes ADH

Back 143

to decrease

Front 144

Salt and Water Hormone

Back 144

Adosterone

Front 145

Control of Aldosterone

Back 145

REnin-Angiotensin pathway

Front 146

Low blood (na+)

Back 146

decrease in BP and GFR

Front 147

Kidney renin increase

Back 147

Stimulate adrenal cortex and increase aldosterone secretion
Na+ reabsorption at DCT

Front 148

Leads to Excessive water and sodium loss from kidneys, increase potassium retention

Back 148

Hyposecretion

Front 149

Kidneys retain sodium and excrete potassium

Back 149

Hypersecretion

Front 150

food
fluids -->
metabolic reaction

Back 150

Electrolyte intake->eletrolyte output ->persiratio,feces, urine

Front 151

Strong Acids releases more?

Back 151

Release more H+(hydrogen)

Front 152

Weak acids

Back 152

ionize more cmletely and release less OH(hydroxide)

Front 153

Weak Base

Back 153

Release few OH(Hydroxide)

Front 154

Strong Base

Back 154

increase release of H+ lower Ph,

Front 155

ACidosis

Back 155

Ph level goes below 7.5

Front 156

Regulation of Hydrogen ions

Back 156

Acid base buffer system
respiratory excretion of carbon dioxide
renal excretion of hydrogen ions

Front 157

H20 output>h20 intake

Back 157

Dehydration

Front 158

increase sweating or decrease in water intake increases

Back 158

concetration of ECF(solid less solvent water)

Front 159

Elephantiasis

Back 159

Lymphatic filiarsis - occlude lymphatic vessels