Urinary System Embryo (Yan)

Front 1

How many "kidneys" form including the actual functioning kidney at birth?

Back 1

3

Front 2

What is the first "kidney" to form and when?

Back 2

Pronephros only at week 4! It is in the cervical region and is non functional

Front 3

When and where does the mesonephros form?

Back 3

thoracolumbar region and from week 4 to the end of the 2nd month EXCEPT for the mesonephric duct in males stays around

Front 4

When does the metanephros appear?

Back 4

5th week and is the definitive kidney!

Front 5

Where does the mesonephros originate?

Back 5

Intermediate mesoderm

Front 6

What does the mesonephros consist of?

Back 6

at week 4 (excretory tubules, glomerulus + Bowman's corpuscle = renal corpuscle, and mesonephric duct (Wolffian))

Front 7

What forms by the 2nd month and what is this the future site of?

Back 7

Urogenital ridge = future gonads

Front 8

What happens at the end of the 2nd month?

Back 8

all dissapear except the mesonephric ducts in males

Front 9

Describe the growth of the metanephros

Back 9

ureteric bud outgrown from mesonephric duct which penetrate metanephric tissue and induces metanephric blastema(from intermediate mesoderm)

Front 10

As the buds continue to divide, what else is formed in the collecting system?

Back 10

ureter, renal pelvis, major/minor calyces and collecting tubules! (6th week-7th week and then finished by birth)

Front 11

What is the filtration system formed by?

Back 11

metanephric mesoderm induced by the ureteric bud

Front 12

What does metanephric tissue capillaries consist of?

Back 12

renal vesicles, S shape tubule, capillaries grow into the glomerulus

Front 13

What does a nephron (excretory unit) consist of?

Back 13

Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

NO COLLECTING TUBULES!

Front 14

Are there interactions between many cell types and interactions that form the urinary system? (ex. WT1, GDNF, HGF, RET, MET, PAX2, WNT4?)

Back 14

Yup

Front 15

What happens in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease?

Dominant?

Back 15

cyst formation from collecting tubules; renal failure in infancy or childhood

cyst formation from all segments of the nephron, no renal failure until adulthood

Front 16

What causes duplication of the ureter?

Back 16

early splitting of the ureteric bud. Partial or complete splitting.

Front 17

What is an ectopic ureter opening?

Back 17

can happen into the vagina, urethra, or vestibule. Ureter migrates to the wrong place (not the bladder)

Front 18

Do the kidneys form above or below where they are destined to go? What happens in order for them to get to the correct spot?

Back 18

Below. They ascend to get into the right area.
Pelvic position: upper position (caused by decreasing body curvature and by the growth of the body in the lumbar and sacral regions)

Front 19

What happens to the mesonephric system?

Back 19

degenerates. some remnants are in contact with the gonad.

Front 20

Do gonads ascend or descend? Males vs females?

Back 20

Descend in both

Front 21

What is it called if kidneys form in the pelvis and fuse together?
What artery are they stuck on?

Back 21

horseshoe kidney = stuck on inferior mesenteric artery

Front 22

How does the bladder form?

Back 22

Cloaca divides into urogenital sinus (anterior) and the anal canal (posterior) by urorectal septum.

Front 23

How many parts does the urogenital sinus have and what do each do?

Back 23

3. Upper (largest, bladder initially connected with allantois, later urachus connects bladder and umbilicus, known as median umbilical ligament in adult)

Pelvic part of the sinus is prostatic and membranous parts of urethra

Lower phallic part differ between two sexes (penile portion)

Front 24

After mesonephric ducts are absorbed into the bladder wall what occurs?

Back 24

ureter (initially outgrowth from the ducts) enter the bladder separately and ureters move farther cranially!

Front 25

What happens to the mesonpehric ducts in males?

Back 25

moves lower to enter urethra where prostate will form and ducts become ejaculatory ducts for males.

Front 26

What region of the bladder do some of the ducts incorporated in the bladder form?

Back 26

Trigone

Front 27

Where do mesonephric ducts and ureters originate from?

Back 27

Mesoderm (the mucosa of the bladder formed by incorporation of the ducts, therefore, is also mesodermal.

Front 28

What happens over time to the lining of the mesoderm of the trigone?

Back 28

Replaced with endodermal epithelium

Front 29

What is a urachal fistula?

Back 29

bladder connected to umbilicus by urachus (old allantois) = median umbilical ligament.

If allantois persists, urachal fistula forms!

Front 30

What is a urachal cyst?

Back 30

a local area of allantois persists--> cystic dialtion

Front 31

Urachal sinus?

Back 31

upper part persists

Urine drains from the umbilicus

Front 32

What occurs in exstrophy of the bladder?

Back 32

ventral body wall defect. bladder mucosa is exposed!

Front 33

What is Epispadias?

Back 33

Constant feature of exstrophy of the bladder and it is a malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis; frequently associated with exstrophy of the bladder. A lack of mesodermal migration into the region between the umbilicus and genital tubercle, followed by ruptures of the thin layer of ectoderm!.