Urinary System - A&p2

Front 1

part of the nephron which collects filtrate from the glomerulus

Back 1

Bowman's capsule

Front 2

After sodium is moved by active transport back into the blood, water will move passively by what?

Back 2

osmosis

Front 3

When water leaves the proximal tubule, solutes left behind are more concentrated and then will follow by diffusion in a process called:

Back 3

solvent drag

Front 4

function of the proximal convoluted tubule

Back 4

tubular reabsorption

Front 5

parts of the kidney which collects the urine

Back 5

calyces

Front 6

function of the distal convoluted tubule

Back 6

tubular secretion

Front 7

The closest barrier surrounding the kidney is the:

Back 7

transparent renal capsule

Front 8

When filtrate flow needs to be faster or slower, what cells stimulate afferent arterioles?

Back 8

macula densa

Front 9

When filtrate is flowing too rapidly, the regulatory cells will stimulate _________ of the afferent arteriole.

Back 9

vasoconstriction

Front 10

tube which connects bladder to outside the body

Back 10

urethra

Front 11

The middle supporting layer around the kidney which protects and holds them in place is the:

Back 11

adipose capsule

Front 12

When filtrate is flowing too slowly the regulatory cells will stimulate _________ of the afferent arteriole.

Back 12

vasodilation

Front 13

part of the loop of Henle that is impermeable to sodium and permeable to water

Back 13

descending

Front 14

process by which urine is propelled along urinary tract

Back 14

peristalsis

Front 15

The dense connective tissue which anchors kidneys to surrounding structures is the:

Back 15

renal fascia

Front 16

part of the loop of Henle that is permeable to sodium and impermeable to water

Back 16

ascending

Front 17

part of the kidney that contains the nephrons

Back 17

cortex

Front 18

part of the nephron responsible for sodium and water balance

Back 18

loop of Henle

Front 19

part of the kidney that contains the renal pyramids

Back 19

medulla

Front 20

part of the kidney continuous with the ureter

Back 20

pelvis

Front 21

Glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to what?

Back 21

net filtration pressure

Front 22

hormone which causes the distal and collecting tubules to be permeable to water and causes reabsorption of water into the blood

Back 22

ADH

Front 23

hormone which stimulates sodium transport from tubule to the blood

Back 23

aldosterone

Front 24

tube which connects kidney to bladder

Back 24

ureter

Front 25

When ATP is used to move substances back into the blood against a concentration gradient, the process is known as :

Back 25

active transport

Front 26

function of the glomerulus

Back 26

filtration

Front 27

What do kidneys do?

Back 27

- maintain purity of fluids in internal enviroment.

- filters gallons of fluid from the bloodstream, rid of wastes, toxins and excess ions.

- return needed substances to the blood.

Front 28

Major functions of the kidneys:

Back 28

1. eliminating nitrogenous wastes, toxins and drugs from the body.

2. regulating the volume and chemical makeup of the blood.

3. maintaining the balance between water and salts and between acids and bases.

Front 29

Other functions of the kidneys:

Back 29

1. producing renin to help regulate blood pressure and kidney function.

2. producing the hormone erythropoietin (stimulates rbc production)

3. metabolizing vitamin D to its active form

Front 30

List the organs of the urinary system:

Back 30

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Front 31

Describe the kidneys shape, location and if they are protected:

Back 31

The kidneys are bean shaped, lie in a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region. They receive some protection from the rib cage.

Front 32

What enters or exits the kidneys at the hilus?

Back 32

ureters, renal blood vessels, lyphatics, and nerves.

Front 33

Which kidney is crowded by the liver and lies slightly lower than the other?

Back 33

Right kidney

Front 34

Which surface contains a cleft (hilus)?

Back 34

the medial surface

Front 35

The ______ collect urine, which drains from the ____________ (tips of the renal pyramids) and empties into the _____.

Back 35

calyces

papillae

pelvis

Front 36

Urine then flows through the ___________ and into the ____________ which transports it to the ____________ to be stored.

Back 36

pelvis

ureter

bladder

Front 37

The walls of the calyces, pelvis and ureter do what?

Back 37

contract rhythmically and propel the urine along the peristalsis.

Front 38

What carries out the process of urine formation and how many do the kidneys have?

Back 38

Each kidney has over one million tiny blood processing units called nephrons, which carry out the process of urine formation.

Front 39

Describe browman's capsule:

Back 39

enlarged, cup-shaped capsule which surrounds the glomerulus; collects filtrate.

Front 40

how many gallons do the kidneys process a day?

Back 40

about 47

Front 41

How much of the fluid actually leaves the body as urine?

Back 41

1.5 liters

Front 42

What are the three processes involved with the process of urine formation and adjustment of blood compensation.

Back 42

1. glomerular filtration

2. tubular reabsorbtion

3. tubular secretion

Front 43

What is glomerular filtration

Back 43

- the beginning of the urine formation

- is passive, non-selective process in which fluids and solutes are forces through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

Front 44

What characteristics make the glomerulus a efficient filter?

Back 44

1. fenestrated capillaries and very permeable to water and solutes (allows passage to everything except blood cells and plasma proteins).

2. the glomerular blood pressure is higher resulting in a higher filtration pressure.

Front 45

What is net filtration pressure?

Back 45

is the pressure that favors the forming of renal filtrate from plasma.

Front 46

What is the glomerular filtration rate or (GFR)?

Back 46

is the amount of fluid filtered from the blood into the capsule each minute.

Front 47

What factors govern the filtration rate at the capillary beds?

Back 47

1. total surface area available for filtration

2. filtration membrane permeability

3. net filtration pressure

Front 48

Why is GFR directly proportional to net filtration pressure?

Back 48

The capillaries are exceptionally permeable and have a huge surface area.

Front 49

What is the limiting factor in the filtration membrane permeability, total surface area available for filtration, or net filtration relationship?

Back 49

net filtration pressure

Front 50

What is the normal GFR in both kidneys in adults?

Back 50

120 ml/min

Front 51

A change in any of the pressures acting at the filtration membrane changes what?

Back 51

the net filtration pressure and thus changes the glomerular filtration rate.

Front 52

An increase in arterial blood pressure in the kidneys increases what?

Back 52

Glomerular filtration rate

Front 53

What does dehydration inhibit?

Back 53

filtrate formation

Front 54

How do the kidneys regulate the GFR?

Back 54

The kidney has an autoregulatory system that can maintain a constant GFR despite some fluctuations in systemic arterial blood pressure.

Front 55

What does the proper reabsorption of water and solutes depend on?

Back 55

the rate at which filtrate flow throws through the renal tubules.

Front 56

What happens when massive amounts of filtrate are formed and flow is very rapid?

Back 56

Needed substances are not adequately reabsorbed and are lost.

Front 57

What happens when filtrate is scant and flows very slowly?

Back 57

nearly all of it is reabsorbed, including most of the wastes.

Front 58

What is done for optimal processing?

Back 58

the diameter of the afferent arterioles are regulated.

Front 59

What protects the glumeruli from large fluctuations in systemic blood pressure?

Back 59

blood flowing through the renal circulation encounters high resistance in both the afferent and the efferent arterioles.

Front 60

Where does the distal convoluted tubule lie against the afferent arteriole feeding into the glomerulus?

Back 60

A region in a nephron call the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Front 61

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulate?

Back 61

filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure.

Front 62

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located?

Back 62

the arteriole walls

Front 63

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

Back 63

smooth muscle cells with granules containing renin and they sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.

Front 64

Where are macula densa cells located and what do they do?

Back 64

Special cells, macula densa cells are located in the walls of the distal convoluted tubles.

They are chemoreceptors which respond to changes in salt content of filtrate which varies directly with flow rate.

Front 65

When filtrate is flowing slowly what cells stimulate vasodilation of the afferent arterioles?

Back 65

macula densa cells

Front 66

What regulates systemic blood pressure?

Back 66

granular cells

Front 67

How do granular cells regulate systemic blood pressure?

Back 67

When stimulated, granular cells release renin, which converts angiotensin into angiotensin I.

Front 68

Once granular cells release renin, which converts angiotensin into angiotensin I, What is the next step?

Back 68

The capillary endothelial cells produce an enzyme that converts into the final product, angiotensin II.

Front 69

What does angiotensin II do?

Back 69

stabilizes systemic blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume by acting as a vasoconstrictor which raises arterial blood pressure and by stimulating the reabsorption of sodium. (because water will follow, this increases blood volume thus blood pressure).

Front 70

What does filtrate contain?

Back 70

Everything that blood plasma does except the blood proteins.

but by the time it has moved into the collecting ducts it has lost most of its water, nutrients and essential ions.

Front 71

When filtrate exits the collecting ducts into the calyces it is called what?

Back 71

urine

Front 72

How much percentage of urine is water and how much is solutes?

Back 72

95% - water

5% - solutes, mainly metabolic waste and unneeded substances:

Front 73

What makes up the unneeded substances that are in urine?

Back 73

urea (derived from normal breakdown of amino acids, uric acid - the end product of nucleic acid metabolism)

creatinine (metabolite of creatine phosphate, used in muscle metabolism)

Electrolytes (Na+, K+PO4, *3-)

Front 74

Define tubular reabsorption:

Back 74

when most of the tubule contents are quickly reclaimed and returned to the blood

Front 75

Where does tubular reabsorption usually happen?

Back 75

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 76

In healthy kidneys, what organic nutrients are completely absorbed?

Back 76

glucose and amino acids

Front 77

Name the substances that are actively reabsorbed:

Back 77

glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and most ions.

Front 78

The substances that are actively reabsorbed are usually transported together with what?

Back 78

sodium on carrier molecules

Front 79

The bulk of the energy used for active transport is devoted to what?

Back 79

reabsorption of sodium ions.

Front 80

What happens when carrier molecules are saturated?

Back 80

excesses of that substance are excreted in urine, this happens in hyperglycemic individuals when they have a high blood glucose level.

Front 81

what organ produces renin?

Back 81

kidneys

Front 82

Where does tubular secretion occur?

Back 82

distal convoluted tubule

Front 83

What is tubular secretion important for?

Back 83

- disposing of substances not already in the filtrate (drugs

- eliminating undesirable substances that have been reabsorbed by passive processes (urea and uric acid)

- ridding the body of excess potassium ions

- controlling pH (if too low, secretion of H+ into filtrate and HCO3- retained in blood) (if too high, secretion of HCO3- into filtrate and retain H+ into the blood).

Front 84

Where is the loop of Henle?

Back 84

occurs between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Front 85

Where is water and sodium selectively reabsorbed in order to keep the solute load of body fluids constant (at the right osmolarity)?

Back 85

The loop of Henle

Front 86

Describe the formation of dilute urine:

Back 86

Tubular filtrate is diluted when it goes through the ascending part of the loop of Henle.

All the kidney has to do to secrete dilute urine is to allow the filtrate to continue on its course to the renal pelvis.

Front 87

Describe the formation of concentrated urine:

Back 87

happens when adh is released and causes the distal and collectign tubes to be permeable to water. Water then passes into the interstitial spaces and is reabsorbed into the blood.

Front 88

When is ADH's release enhanced?

Back 88

with excessive water loss or reduced blood volume or pressure.

Front 89

Describe Diuretics:

Back 89

- diuretic drugs are used for hypertension or the edema of congestive heart failure.

- they increase urine flow by inhibiting sodium ion reabsorption, thus inhibiting water reabsorption, since water follows sodium.

Front 90

Describe structure and function of the bladder:

Back 90

- smooth, collapsible, muscular sac

- located retroperitoneally on the pevlic floor

- has openings for ureters and the urethra

- very distensible due to transitional epithelium

Front 91

Describe structure and function of the urethra:

Back 91

thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder floor and conveys it out of the body.

Front 92

Describe the structure and function of the ureters:

Back 92

-slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to the bladder.

-when the bladder fills or empties it compresses and closes the distal ends of the ureters.

-plays an active role in urine transport

-distention of the ureter stimulates its contraction which propels urine into the bladder.