Urinary System And Male And Female Reproductive System.

Front 1

Functions of the kidney

Back 1

*Control water and blood volume.

*Regulate fluid and electrolyte.

*maintain blood pH.(can eliminate or retain bicarbonate(alkaline).

*active vit. D for bone calcification.

Secretes:

*renin- enzymatic hormone that increase blood pressure to maintain blood flow to the kidney.

*erthropoietin- hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

*eliminates nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism (urea, creatinine and uric acid), excess salt, drug and toxin.

Front 2

Location of the kidney.

Back 2

Located at the lower edge of the ribs.

It is retroperitoneal organ-behind the peritoneum but (outside). Enable surgery on the back without entering the abdominal cavity.

Right side is slightly lower due to liver on the right side.

Adrenal gland is located on top of the kidney.

Front 3

Renal hilum

Back 3

Is a notch at the medical side of the kidney through which the blood vessel, nerve enter and ureter exit by the renal pelvis.( attachment of renal pelvis)

Front 4

Renal cortex

Back 4

Outer part of the kidney that extends from the base of the renal pyramids to the outer side of the kidney. It contain the renal corpuscles (glomerulus and bowman's capsule).

Front 5

Renal medulla

Back 5

Inner half of the kidney which contain the remaining tubules. Descending tubules, loop of Henley, ascending tubules and collecting tubules.

Front 6

Renal pyramid

Back 6

Cone shaped structure in the medulla which contain tubules. Where urine is drain.

Front 7

Nephrons

Back 7

Functional unit of the kidney.

It is made up of glomerulus and tubules.

Front 8

3 layers of glomerulus.

Back 8

*epithelium-outer layer. Has large opening that allows all blood component to pass except rbc.

Middle layer-basement membrane, prevents the passage of large protein (RBC, WBC and protein) by filtration.

Inner layer- endothelium, a thin and porous membrane which covers the basement membrane, made up of podocytes, where the filtered substance pass through.

Front 9

Urine formation

Back 9

Blood from afferent arteriole is filtered through the glomerular capillaries. The filtration contain (water, glucose, urea, uric acid, creatine, electrolyte, hormones, drugs and other waste product.) Goes to the bowman's capsule and to the proximal convoluted tubules where most of the filtrate (sugar and electrolyte) are reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries. Metabolic waste product remain in the tubules.

Front 10

Stage 1

Back 10

Filtration.

Happens in the glomerulus to Proximal convoluted to filtrate.

Front 11

Stage 2

Back 11

Tubular reabsorption.

Reabsorb glucose and electrolyte. To the peritubular capillaries.

Front 12

Stage 3

Back 12

Tubular secretion

Reabsorption of water and sodium by ADH and aldosterone.

Front 13

Part of renal cortex

Back 13

Bowman's capsule

Glomerulus

Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)

distal convoluted tubules (DCT)

Largest part of each nephron.

Front 14

Part of renal medulla

Back 14

Remainder of the renal tubules

Loop of henle

Collecting tubules

Renal pyramid

Front 15

Juxtaglomerular apperatus (JGA)

Back 15

Consist of glandular cell.

Responsible for maintaining blood pressure.

Allow the tubules to become more moveable to water.

Front 16

RAA mechanism

Back 16

Renin stimulate angiotensin 1 change to angiotensin 2 in the presence of a converting enzyme.

Angiotensin 2 causes blood vessel to contrict. Directly raising the blood pressure. Having the urge to be thirsty.

Front 17

Atrial natriurentic peptide (ANP)

Back 17

Hormone secreted by cells in the atria of the heart.

Increase kidney filtration and blood flow when blood volume increase.

Promote excretion of both water and sodium through the kidney and suppresses the secretion of ADH and aldosterone.

Front 18

End stage renal disease

Back 18

Kidney doesnt function so erythropoietin doesnt produce.

Front 19

Polyuria

Back 19

Increase amount of urine

Front 20

Oliguria

Back 20

Decrease urine output

Front 21

Anuria

Back 21

Absent of urine output.

Front 22

Nocturia

Back 22

Excessive urination at night

Front 23

Enuresis

Back 23

Peeing during sleep

Front 24

Hematuria

Back 24

Blood in urine

Front 25

Function of the Dick

Back 25

Secrete hormone that initiate puberty

Maintain specific male characteristics

Secretes mucus, spermatic fluid,and other substances.

Produce sperm

Pass genetic offspring

Front 26

Testes

Back 26

Produce spermatoza(sperm cell)

Secrete testosterone (male hormone)

Seminiferous tubules (sperm produce)

Spermatogenesis (sperm maturation and development)

Front 27

Part of sperm

Back 27

Head-contain 23 chromosomes

Acrosome-tip of head contain enzyme that dissolve tough cell wall of ovum

Body- has mitochondria to provide energy for movement.

Tail-propel sperm with lashing motion

Front 28

Epididymis

Back 28

Final stage of sperm maturation.

Front 29

Vas deferens

Back 29

Stores the sperm.

Front 30

Bulbourethral gland (cowper's)

Back 30

Produce mucous to lubricate the urethra.

Front 31

Function of pekpek

Back 31

Maintain female characteristics

Secrete mucus, vaginal fluid, and other substance.

Produce ova

Pass generic offspring

Maintain and nourish fetus until birth.

Produce milk.

Front 32

Perimetrium

Back 32

Serious Outer layer

Front 33

Myometrium

Back 33

Muscular layer.

Smooth muscle, increase in size during pregnancy.

Front 34

Endometrium

Back 34

Mucous layer.

Form maternal portion of placenta.

Receive fertilized ovum.

Provide housing and nourishment of fetus.

Front 35

Cervical os.

Back 35

Opening or mouth of the cervix.

Front 36

Mons pubis

Back 36

Girls pubic

Front 37

Labia majora

Back 37

Rounded fold of skin with pubic hair

Front 38

Labial minora

Back 38

Thin pair of skin fold United just above the clitoris.

Front 39

Clitoris

Back 39

Erectile tissue, similar to penis

Front 40

Vagina orifice

Back 40

Opening of the vagina

Front 41

Hymen

Back 41

Thin mucous membrane over the vaginal opening.

Front 42

Perineum

Back 42

Space between the pussy and ass.

Front 43

Bartholins gland

Back 43

Lubricate the vagina

Front 44

Rugae

Back 44

Expandable fold within the vaginal wall.

Insertion of the penis. Receive sperm

Passage of fetus.

Provide an exit menstrual flow.

Front 45

Fallopian tubes or oviducts

Back 45

Passageway for ovum to the uterus.

Front 46

Ampulla

Back 46

Larger portion of oviduct where fertilization occur.

Front 47

Isthmus

Back 47

Inner part that is connected to the uterus.

Front 48

Filbriae

Back 48

Cillia helps move ovum to the uterus

Help propel ovum

Front 49

Ectopic

Back 49

Pregnancy outside the uterus.

Front 50

Osmosis

Back 50

Solute.....

Front 51

Uti

Back 51

Bacteria of anus goes to the vagina and cause e coli