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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kidney Location
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-Retroperitoneal
-At vertebrae T12-L3 -Left kidney is more superior than the right kidney due to the location of the liver. |
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Hilum
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-Entrance for renal artery and nerves
-Exit for renal vein and ureters |
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Cortex
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Superficial portion of the kidney
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Medulla
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Deep portion of the kidney
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Renal pyramids
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-base closer to cortex
-papillae project towards renal sinus |
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Renal lobe
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Renal pyramid + Renal column +cortex
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Urine production pathway
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-Urine travels from the papilla to the minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra and then exits the body
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Renal Blood Supply Pathway
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(1) Renal artery
(2) Segmental Artery (3) Interlobar Artery (4) Arcuate Artery (6) Afferent arteriole (7)Glomerulus (9) Peritubular capillary (10) Venules (12) Arcuate vein |
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How many nephrons are in both of the kidneys?
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2.5 million
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Renal corpuscle structure + function
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-composed of Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus
-Function is filtration |
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What composes the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?
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(1) fenestrated wall of the glomerulus
(2) dense layer (3) filtration slits between pedicels |
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Mesengial cells
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-lie between adjacent capillaries in the glomerulus
-they contract, causing vasoconstriction -target of angiotensin II |
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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-reabsorption of organic nutrients, ions, water, some proteins
-reabsorbs 60-70 percent of water, 100 percent of glucose and amino acids, 65 percent of sodium and 65 percent of potassium |
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Nephron Loop/Loop of Henle
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-thick ascending segment: pumps out Na+ and Cl-
-thin descending segment is permeable to water -Reabsorbs 15 percent of water and 20 to 25 percent of Na+ and Cl- |
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Distal convoluted tubule
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-Mostly secretion of wastes, ions, drugs, toxins
-selectively absorbs water, Na+, Ca2+ based on needs |
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
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composed of macula densa cells and juxtaglomerular cells; produces renin and erythropoetin
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Macula densa cells
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Clustered cells of the distal convoluted tubule near the renal corpuscle; monitor filtrate concentration
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Juxtaglomerular cells
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Smooth muscle cells around the afferent arteriole; they contain vesicles holding renin and monitor the blood pressure of the afferent arteriole
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Collecting System
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-collecting ducts converge into a papillary duct
-selective reabsorption of water and Na+ -selective secretion of K+ and H+ |
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Filtration
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Blood pressure forces water and solutes out of glomerular capillaries into the glomerular space, producing filtrate
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Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
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-55 mmHg
-blood pressure at glomerulus forcing filtrate out |
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Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure
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-30 mmHg
-draws water out of the filtrate and into the plasma |
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Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure
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-15 mmHg
-pressure of filtrate already in Bowman's capsule |
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Net hydrostatic pressure
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-10 mmHg
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Glomerular filtration rate
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115 mL/min
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Reabsorption
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-removal of water and solutes from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries
-Na+ transported via active transport -Water by osmosis |
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How is Na+ transported in a Nephron?
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Active transport
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How is water transported in a nephron?
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Osmosis
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What is the primary mechanism for reabsorption in a nephron?
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Cotransport with Na+
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Secretion
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Molecule moving from the outside of the tubule into the tubule
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What is the primary mechanism for secretion in a nephron?
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Countertransport with Na+
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Where it is made? What is its target? |
-Made by the hypothalamus; secreted by the posterior pituatary gland
-Target is distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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ADH
What is its action? |
-increases water reabsorption by creating more channels via aquaporin-2
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ADH
What are the results? |
-Decreased urine volume
-Increased urine concentration -Increased blood volume |
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Aldosterone
Made by? Target? |
-made by cortex of the adrenal glands
-targets DCT/CD |
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Aldosterone
Action? |
Increases Na+ reabsorption (more active transport)
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Aldosterone
Results? |
-decreased urine concentration
-increased blood concentration |
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ANH
Made by? Target? |
-made by cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium when stretched
-Target: DCT/CD |
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ANH
Action? |
-Decreased Na+ reabsorption (water follows)
-Decreased ADH release |
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ANH
Results? |
-increased urine volume
-decreased blood volume |
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Effect of Caffeine
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-increases blood pressure, which increases filtration rate, producing more filtrate and thus more urine.
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Effect of Alcohol
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-depresses the nervous system, resulting in less secretion of ADH, causing less water reabsorption and higher urine output
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Countercurrent System
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-in loop of Henle
-Na+ and Cl- leave ascending limb -Exerts osmotic pressure on the descending limb, which is permeable to water, resulting in increased water reabsorption |
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Why does the countercurrent system never reach equilibrium?
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(1) New filtrate is always coming in and old filtrate moving out
(2) peritubular capillaries reabsorb water, Na+ and Cl- |
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What triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
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(1) Low blood pressure at the glomerulus
(2) low filtrate level in the DCT |
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RAA System Steps
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(1) juxtaglomerular cells release renin in response to low blood pressure/low filtrate level
(2) renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I (3)angiotension converting enzyme in the lungs converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II (4)angiotensin-II causes vasoconstriction and tells adrenal cortex to release more aldosterone and ADH-> results in higher blood pressure, decreased urine volume and increased blood volume |
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Diuresis
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The formation of urine
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Micturition
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Urination
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Hemodialysis
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-process that uses manmade membrane to remove wastes, such as urea, from the blood; restore electrolyte balance and eliminate extra fluid
-used to treat kidney failure |
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Renal calculi
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Kidney stones
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glomerulonephritis
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inflammation of the glomerulus in the kidneys
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renal failure
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kidneys lose ability to remove waste and balance fluids
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Diuretics
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-promotes the production of urine
-reduces blood volume, blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume |
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incontinence
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inability to control urination voluntarily
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Urinary bladder characteristics
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-Has rugae for expansion/contraction
-Made of transitional epithelium for stretching |
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Detrusor muscle
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-3 layers of smooth muscle; 2 longitudinal layers surrounding 1 layer of circular muscle in the bladder wall
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Internal urethral sphincter
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-smooth muscle; involuntary control
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External urethral sphincter
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-skeletal muscle; voluntary control
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Micturition reflex
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-under parasympathetic control
-triggered by 200 mL of urine as it pushes on the wall -detrusor muscle contracts; internal and external urethral sphincters relax and void bladder |
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How long is the female urethra?
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3-5 cm
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How long is the male urethra?
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20 cm
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What nitrogenous wastes are found in urine?
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Urea, ammonium (NH4+), uric acid (from breakdown of nucleic acids; excess can cause crystal buildup in synovial joints aka gout), creatinine (from metabolism of creatine phosphate)
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Urea characteristics
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-amplifies absorption in juxtamedullary nephron
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Functions of urinary system
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(1) regulate blood composition, concentration, pH, pressure, volume
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Cortical nephrons
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85 percent of all nephrons
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Juxtamedullary nephrons
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15 percent of nephrons; have a deep nephron loop with vasa recta which "chase" deep nephron loop
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Urine pH
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-4.5-8
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Specific Gravity of urine
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1.003-1.030
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Urine volume
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700-2000 mL/day
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Reason for urea in urine
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-negative nitrogen balance
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Reason for bilirubin in urine
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-problem with liver elimination or excess production
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Reason for lipids in urine
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kidney diseases
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Reason for RBCs in urine
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vascular damage in the urinary system
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Reason for WBCs in urine
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renal infection/inflammation
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Trigone
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-region marked by the openings of the ureters into the bladder and entrance to the urethra
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Water composition of males
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-60 percent
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Water composition of females
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50 to 55 percent
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Why is there a difference between water composition between the two sexes?
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-testosterone in males causes increased synthesis of skeletal muscle tissue, which is the most hydrated tissue
-estrogen causes increased synthesis of adipose tissue in women, which is composed of much less water than skeletal muscle tissue |
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How much of the total fluid content of the body is the Intracellular fluid?
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-two thirds of total fluid content
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How much total fluid content of the body is extracellular fluid?
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-one third of total fluid content
-blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, etc |
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Water homeostasis
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-Balancing the amount of water gained and lost in the body; averages 2500 mL/day
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Where do we gain water?
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-Metabolic water (200 mL)
-ingested foods (700 mL) -ingested liquids (1600 mL) |
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How do we lose water?
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-Lungs (300 mL)
-Skin (600 mL) -Kidneys (1500 mL) -GI tract (100 mL) |
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Electrolyte
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-substance that will dissociate when dissolved to form charged particles (ions); inorganic compounds
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Non-electrolyte
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-substance that will not dissociate and form charged particles when dissolved (organic compounds)
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Acids
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Substance that increases hydrogen concentration (hydrogen donors)
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Bases
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substance that decreases hydrogen concentration (hydrogen acceptors)
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What is the normal pH for human blood?
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-7.35 to 7.45
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Buffer
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substance or an action that resists a change in pH
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Chemical buffers
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-proteins, bicarbonates, and phosphates are chemical buffers
-limited; can become saturated |
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Physiological buffers
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-include respiratory system and urinary system
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Respiratory system buffer
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-increased respiratory rate increases pH due to the decreased amount of CO2 in the blood; decreased respiratory rate decreases pH due to the increased amount of CO2 in the blood
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Urinary system buffer
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-under acidic conditions, the urinary system secrets hydrogen in urine
-under alkaline conditions, the urinary system reabsorbs hydrogen |
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Respiratory Acidosis
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-blood pH less than 7.35; hypoventilation
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Respiratory alkalosis
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-blood pH greater than 7.35; hyperventilation
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hypernatremia
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elevated Na+ in blood; can be caused by decrease in total body water
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hyponatremia
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Na+ level in blood too low; can be caused by consuming too much water
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hyperkalemia
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excess potassium in blood
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hypokalemia
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deficient potassium levels in blood
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hypercalcemia
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excess calcium in the blood
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hypocalcemia
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deficient levels of calcium in the blood
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Parathyroid hormone
Source? Action? |
source: parathyroid glands
action: increase calcium reabsorption in the digestive tract and kidneys; raises calcium concentration |
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Calcitonin
Source? Action? |
source: thyroid gland
action: lowers calcium concentration by increasing calcium excretion at the kidneys and digestive tract and inhibiting osteoclasts |
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What causes metabolic acidosis?
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-lactic acid and ketone excess production
-impaired ability to excrete hydrogen at the kidneys -severe bicarbonate loss due to diarrhea |
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What causes metabolic alkalosis
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-extreme vomiting, causing an increased bicarbonate concentration; taking too many antacids
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