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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the urinary system? |
It is the major execretory system of the body |
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What does the urinary system consist of? |
-Two kidneys -Ureters -Urinary Bladder -Urethra |
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What is the function of the Urinary System? |
It elliminates wastes Regulates blood volume Regulates ion concentration Regulates pH Involved with RBCs and Vitamin D Production |
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Briefly describe the Urinary System's involvement in eliminating waste, i.e (Excrete). |
Nearly 21% of the blood pumped out of the heart each minute is routed to the kidneys. There, some of the plasma is filtered and separated from the blood cells. Large molecules, such as proteins, remain in the blood, whereas smaller molecules and ions enter the filtered fluid. As the fluid flows through the kidneys, it is slowly modified until it is converted into urine. This conversion requires the reabsorption of most of the fluid volume back into the blood, along with useful molecules and ions. The resulting fluid contains metabolic wastes, toxic molecules, and excess ions. Additional waste products are secreted into the fluid, eventually forming urine. |
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Briefly describe the Urinary System's involvement in regulating blood volume and pressure. |
The kidneys play a major role in controlling the extracellular fluid volume in the body by producing either a large volume of dilute urine or a small volume of concentrated urine, depending on the hydration level of the body. Consequently, the kidneys regulate blood volume and hence blood pressure. |
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Briefly describe the Urinary System's involvement in regulating blood solutes and concentrations. |
The kidneys help regulate the concentration of primarily the major ions—Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, HCO3−, and HPO42−; they also regulate other solute concentration, such as urea. |
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Briefly describe the Urinary System's involvement in regulating extracellular fluid pH. |
The kidneys secrete variable amounts of H+ to help regulate the extracellular fluid acidity. |
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Briefly describe the Urinary System's involvement in RBC synthesis. |
The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells in red bone marrow |
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Briefly describe the Urinary System's involvement in Vitamin D production. |
The kidneys play an important role in controlling blood levels of Ca2+ by activating vitamin D |
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Where are the Kidneys located? |
A kidney lies behind the peritoneum on the posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column. The liver is superior to the right kidney, causing the right kidney to be slightly lower than the left. |
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What surrounds the Kidney? |
The Renal Capsule is an outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds the Kidneys. |
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What anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall? |
The Renal Fascia |
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What surrounds the capsule outseide kidney and protects it? |
Adipose tissue |
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Where do blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney? |
At the Hilium |
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Where is the Hilium located? |
It is located on the concave, medial side of the kidney
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What does the Hilium open into? |
The Renal Sinus |
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What are the structures included in the hilium? |
Renal artery, renal nerves, renal vein, and ureter |
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Which of the structures that are part of the hilium enter the kidney? |
Renal artery Renal nerves |
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Which of the structures that are part of the hilium exit the kidney? |
Renal veins Ureter |
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What are the two major regions of the kidneys |
The outer cortex The inner medulla |
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The outer cortex and the inner medulla surround what? |
The Renal Sinus |
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The medulla is composed of what? |
Mutiple cone shaped structures called renal pyramids, that project into the cortex. The projections are called the medullary rays Between the medullary rays and the renals pyramids are there are renal columns that extend towards the medulla |
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What are the renal pyramids? |
They are collections of tubres and ducts that transport fluid throughout the kidney and modify it into urine. Once the urine is formed, ducts in the renal pyramids transport the urine to the renal sinus. |
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When the urine is transporte dot the renal sinus, what happens next? |
Another set of tubes collects the urine for movement to the bladder. |
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What transports the urine from the renal pyramid to the the renal sinus? |
The renal papillae |
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What is contained in the renal sinus? |
The Renal Pelvis The Renal Calyces Blood Vessuls Nerves Fat |
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When the urine leaves the renal papillae it enters what structure of the renal sinus? |
The Minor Calyx, a small funnel shaped chamber |
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After the urine enters the Minor Calyx where does it go next? |
It enters the major calyx, a larger funnel-shaped chamber |
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After the urine enteres the major calyx where does it go? |
The renal pelvis, which is embedded in and surrounded by the renal sinus. At the hilum, it narrows signficantly, formering the small diamter tube called the ureter. |
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From the renal relvis where does the urine move to? |
The urine moves from the renal pelvis into the ureter for transport to the bladder |
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What is the nephron? |
The histological and functional unit of the kidney. |
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What are the parts of a nephron? |
The Renal Corpuscle The Proximal Convoluted Tubule The Loop of Henle The Distal Convulted Tubule |
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What does the Renal Corpuscle consist of? |
The Bowman Capsule The Glomerulus |
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What is the role of the renal corpuscle? |
Filters the blood |
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What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule? |
Returns filtered substances to the blood |
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What is the role of the loop of Henle? |
Conserves water and solutes |
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What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule? |
Emptying into the collecting duct, which carries the newly formed urine from the cortex off the kidney toward the renal papilla deep in the medulla. Near the tip of renal papilla, several collecting ducts merge into a larger-diamter tubular called a papillary duct, which empties into a minor calyx. |
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What are the two types of nephrons? |
Juxtamedullary and Cortical |
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Describe Juxtamdullary nephrons |
They have renal corpuscles that are found near the medulla. They have long loops of Henle, which extend deep into the medula. |
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Describe Cortical nephrons |
They renal corpuscles that are distriubuted throughout the cortex. Their loops of Henle are shorter than those of the juxtamedullary nephrons and are closer to the outer edge of the edge. |
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What is the outer layer of the Bowman capsule called? |
The pareital later, is contrctued of simple squamous epithelial cells |
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What is the inner layer of the Bowman capsule called?
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The visceral layer, which is contructed of specialized cells called poodyctes, which wrap around the glomerular capillaries. |
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What makes the capillaries of the glomerulus permeable? |
The glomerular capillaries are: -fenestrated -filtrattion slits (gaps) between the cell process of the podocytes of the visceral layer -A hasement membrane |
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The fenestrae of the glomerular capillaries, the filtration slits, and the basement membrane make up what? |
The filtration membrane |
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The filtration membrane performs what first major step in urine production? |
Filtering the blood, then the filtered fluid enters the lumen insdide the Bowman Capsules |
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Materials leave the blood through the...? |
Glomerulus |
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Materials enter the Bowman capsule through the...? |
Filtration membrane |
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What empties throught the distal convoluted tubule into a collecting duct? |
The renal tubule |
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of? |
A unique set of afferent arteriole cells and specialized cells in the distal convoluted cells...As The macula Densa, which is part of the distal convoluted tubule The juxtaglomeral cells of the afferent arteriole |
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What supplies the glomerulus blood for filtration? |
The afferent arteriole |
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What transport the filtered blood away from the glomerulus? |
The efferent arteriole |
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As the proximal convoluted tubule continues to descend towards the medulla the cell type changes... The proximal convoluted tubule is now called the... |
Loop of Hendle |
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What are the two limbs of the loop of Henle |
The descending limb The ascending limb |
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Describe the descending limb of the loop of henle? |
The portion of th eloop of Hnele extends into the medulla becomes very thin near the bend of the loop. The lumen in the thin part narrows, and an abrupt transition occurs from simple cuboidal epthelium to simple squamous epithelium. |
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Describe the ascending limb of the loop of henle? |
The first part of the ascending limb is thing and made of simple squamous epithelium. Soon it becomes thicker and simple cuboidal epithelium replaces the simple squamous epithelium. The thick part of the ascneding limb returns toward the renal copuscle and ends by transition to the distal convoluted tubule near the macula densa. |
