Urinary System

Front 1

what does the urinary system contian??

Back 1

kidneys, urteters, bladder, and urethra

Front 2

which organs are retropartitoneal?

Back 2

kideys, ureters, and bladder

Front 3

t/f the left kidney is higher than the right?

Back 3

T

Front 4

Why are the lower poles more lateral than the upper poles?

Back 4

because of the psoas muscle.

Front 5

What is normal size for kidneys?

Back 5

12X6X3 cm

Front 6

renal hilum

Back 6

vreticle fissure thruwhich ureters, blood and lymph vessels, and nerves emrge. It expands into a cavity called the renal sinus.

Front 7

what does the renal sinus contain?

Back 7

emerging vessels, calyces, nerves, and fat.

Front 8

What 3 layers of tissue surround each kidney?

Back 8

Renal capsule(fibrous capsule)-deep, innermost layer continuous with ureters outer layer, serves as a barrier against trauma, and spread of infectin to the kidney.
Adipose capsule(perirenl fat)-mass of fatty tssue that protects kidneys from trauma,and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity.
-Renal fascia(gerotas fascia)-superficial layer of fibrous connevtive tissue that anchors the kidney to its surrounding structures and the abdominal wall

Front 9

What are the 2 distinct regions within the kidney?

Back 9

cortex, and medulla

Front 10

explain the cortex

Back 10

superficial smooth textured layer that extends btw renal pyramids in sections called renal columns

Front 11

explain the medulla

Back 11

deep, inner region consisting of 8-18 cone-shaped sections called renal pyramids.

Front 12

What is a renal pyramid?

Back 12

there are 8-18 of them in the renal medulla. The base faces the cortex, and the apex faces the hilum, and is called the renal papilla.

Front 13

What is a renal lobe?

Back 13

a renal pyramid + overlying renal cortex and half of each adjacent renal column

Front 14

describe the course of urine through the kidney, and out.

Back 14

nephrons to papilliary ducts, to renal papillae, to minor calyces, to major calyces, to the renal pelvis, then to ureters.

Front 15

What are th 8 functions of the kidneys?

Back 15

1. regulate electrolye consentration in blood(Na+, K+, Cl-)
2. Regulate blood PH
3. Regulate blood volume(by eliminating or conserving H20
4. Regulate BP(through blood volume fluxuations, and secretion of renin)
5. Production of hormones(erythropoeietin, and calctriol)
6. regulation of blood glucose level
7. excretion of waste and foreign substances
8. maintain blood osmolarity(ratio of liquids to sonlutes)

Front 16

Descibe the path of arteries, their divisions, and then to veins within the kidey.

Back 16

renal arteries
segmental artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery-arch btw medulla and cortex
interlobular artery
afferent arterioles-each nephron recieves 1 afferent arteriole.
-peritubular capillaries
-peritubular venules
-interlobular veins.
-arcuate veins
-interlobar veins
-renal vein
glomorular capillaries
efferent arterioles

Front 17

What are ureters, and what do they do?

Back 17

smooth muscle tubes about 25-30 cm long that convy urine from kidneys to the bladder using peristalsis and gravity. They are a retroperitoneal organ

Front 18

How does urine stop flowing into the bladder?

Back 18

as the bladder fills, preassure within compresses the oblique openings to prevent backflow of urine

Front 19

where are ureters in relation to iliac vessels?

Back 19

ureters are anterior to iliac vessels

Front 20

urinary bladder

Back 20

hollow muscular organ loacated within the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphesis that hold urine.

Front 21

HOw is the location of the urinary bladder different in males vs. females?

Back 21

male-directly anterior to the rectum
females-anterior to vagina dn inferior to uterus

Front 22

what is the trigone?

Back 22

a smooth, triangular area that is located in the floor of the bladder. The 2 posterior corners contain the urethral openings, and the internal urethral orifice lies at the anterior corner.

Front 23

What layers are the walls of the urinary bladder?

Back 23

1. mucose: innermost layer that contains rugae, and is composed of transitional epithelium
2. muscularis(detrusor muscle)-3 layers of smooth muscle fibers
3. serosa(outermost layer): the superficial surface contains visceral peritoneum, and the inferior and posterior surfaces contain areolar connective tissue called the adventitia.

Front 24

What is the urethra?

Back 24

terminal portion of the urinary system and the passageway for excreting urine. The tube leads from the internal rethral orifice to the exterior of the body(external urethral orifice).

Front 25

what is the difference btw the urethra in males and females?

Back 25

females-4cm in lengeth, and located anterior to the vaginal opening.
males-15-20 cm in length. Passes through the prostate gland, urogenital diaphragm, and the penis.
Has 3 anitomical regions.: prostate urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra.

Front 26

What is micturation?

Back 26

voiding
as the bladder volume increases, stretch receptors trigger micturion reflex which causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax.

Front 27

T/F nephrons cannot regenerate?

Back 27

false

Front 28

what are the 2 parts to a nephron?

Back 28

renal corpuscle:where blood is filtered
Renal tubule:fintered fluid passes thru here.

Front 29

What are the 2 components of the renal corpuscle?

Back 29

glomerulus: capilliary network
bowmans's capsule: double walled epithelial cup that filters blood plasma

Front 30

Where does filtered fluid pass into?

Back 30

the renal tubule

Front 31

what are the 3 sections of the renal tubule

Back 31

1. proximal convulated tubule: attached to the glomerular capsule, tightly coiled, and lies within the renal cortex
2. loop of henle: extends into the renal medulla, and makes a haripin turn and returns to the cortex. It connects to the PCT, and DCT.
3. Distal convulated tubule:
distal to the glomerulus, and is tightly coiled, and lies within the renal cortex.

Front 32

how does urine go from convulated tubules to the ureter?

Back 32

distal convulated tubules empty into a single collecting duct, and collecting ducts form papillary ducts which drain into minor calyces, then major calyces, and renal pelvis, and finally to the ureter

Front 33

name and explain the 2 types of nephrons?

Back 33

1. cortical nephrons:80-85%-have a short loop of henle, only penetrate to the superficial medulla, recieve blood from perituular capillaries.
2. Juxtamedullary nephrons(15-20%)-long loop of henle, recieve blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa rectu. Enable exretion of dilite or consentrated urine.

Front 34

what are the 3 main functions of a nephron?

Back 34

-control blood consentration and blood volume by removing water, and solutes,
-help regulate blook pH
-remove toxic waste from blood.

Front 35

Describe the process of urine formation.

Back 35

1. glomular filtration-h2o and solutes move from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule. Fluid that enters the capsular spce is called glomerular filtrate.
2. tubular reabsorption-h20, and solutes in teh filtered fluid are reabsorbed by tubule cells, and returned to blood in the pertitubular capillaries. Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal tube
3. Tubular secretion: tubule cells secrete wast , drugs, and excess ions into fluid in the collecting system for elimination.(removal of substances from the blood)