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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the urinary system consist of? |
2 kidneys 2 ureters 1 urinary bladder 1 urethra |
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What is the major function of the urinary system |
excretion of organic waste |
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Other important functions carried out by the urinary system: (7) |
1. The regulation of the plasma concentrations of important ions 2. Regulations of blood volume/pressure 3. pH regulation of the blood 4. Conserve H20 5.Detoxifying toxins 6. Regulation of vitamin D (PTH) 7. Aid in RBC production (EPO) |
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What are the 3 layers that protect the Kidney? |
1. Renal Capsule - covers the entire surface of the kidney 2. Adipose Capsule - surrounds renal capsule (thick) 3. Renal Fascia - anchor the kidney to the abdominal wall |
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Describe the nephron |
The functional unit of the kidney, Where urine is made. Each kidney has around 1000000 nephrons |
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What are the three processes that occur in the making of urine? |
1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion |
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How much water will be reabsorbed in the nephron? |
99% |
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Describe the glomerulus |
capillary "ball" in the nephron where filtration occurs. About 180 L of filtrate enter the nephron each day. |
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What is Bowman's Capsule? |
Where the filtrate enters the tubule. With BC and the glomerulus, the renal corpuscle is formed. |
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What is the Proximal Tubule? |
where reclaiming of water and nutrients occurs (65%) The nutrients are actively transported out of the tubule and water follows by osmosis. Has microvili |
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Describe the Loop of Henle |
Na and H2O are regulated. Na pumped out of ascending loop, H2O moves by osmosis out of descending loop. |
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Describe the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct |
H2O absorption occurs only if ADH is present. Without ADH, the nephron is impermeable to H2O, so the water cannot move out of the tubule and is lost as urine. |
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What promotes Sodium retention in the Kidney? |
Aldosterone |
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If you save Sodium in the Kidney, you loose...? |
Potasium |
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What forms the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
the macula dense and the juxtaglomerular cells |
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What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
the endocrine structure that secretes EPO and renin |
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Summarize what the kidneys do |
filter the blood. small molecules like nutrients and h2o are reabsorbed by the capillaries, while waste exits the body in the urine. These processes are accomplished by active transport, osmosis, and passive diffusion. |
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What do diuretics do? |
increase urine production. some act by inhibiting the transport of Na+ out of the nephron- this increases urine production because it's holding water in. |
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What is the Renal Fraction |
percentage of cardiac output that passes through the kidney/minute. |
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What is Filtrate |
The fluid that crosses through the renal capsule in the filtrate (it has been filtered) |
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Filtration Fraction definition |
percentage of plasma that is filtered/minute |
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Functions of sympathetic innervation include: |
Regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure (less blood in=less blood out) Intense sympathetic stimulation |
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What are the 3 processes of tubular function? |
1. filtration-blood pressure forces fluid out of glomerulus 2. reabsorption-h2o (osmosis), nutrients (active transport), ions (diffusion) 3. secretion |
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What are the 4 carrier mediated transport mechanisms? |
1. Facilitated Diffusion (high to low) 2. Active Transport (ATP) 3. Cotransport (2 molecules move in the same direction) 4. Countertransport (2 ions move in opposite direction) |
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What are some characteristics of carrier mediated transport? |
-Specificity: carriers are specific for their substrates -Carrier proteins, like enzymes, have saturation limits (I love Lucy, can only pick up so many at a time) |
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What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR? |
the amount of filtrate formed / min -a decrease in renal bp= a decrease in GFR
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The GFR is under ____ control |
local (autoregulation) through autorgulation the GFR is kept at a constant state |
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osmotic concentration= |
the number of particles of solutes/L |
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The filtrate is most concentrated in the nephron at.... |
The bottom of Henle's Loop |
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What is important in determining the concentration and volume o the urine |
Hormonal action |
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What is the osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid due to? |
Na+ (2/3) Urea (1/3) |
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What is the plasma clearance |
a calculated value representing the volume of plasma that is cleared of a specific substance each minute. ex. if the plasma clearance value for penicillin is 10mls/min that means the penicillin is completely removed from 10 mls of plasma each minute. |
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What is the Tubular Load |
the total amount of substance that passes through the filtration membrane into the nephron each minute. ex: when the tubular load of glucose exceeds the Tm, tubular max, glucose is found in the urine. |
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Urine reaches the bladder by : |
peristaltic contraction of the ureters |
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What are the effects of aging on the urinary system? |
1. fewer nephrons 2. decline in responsiveness to ADH 3. drop in GFR 4. loss of sphincter muscle tone (benign prostatic hypertrophy) |
