Urinary System

Front 1

The urinary system is intimately involved in the maintenance of what?

Back 1

Homeostasis

Front 2

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Back 2

1) Removes waste products and foreign materiams from blood
2) regulates water and electrolyte balance
3) Helps maintain pH

Front 3

The primary structures of the urinary system is what?

Back 3

Kidneys

Front 4

Which kidney is typically lower and why?

Back 4

Right kidney, due to the liver

Front 5

The kidneys are located against ____ abdominal wall at approximately the level of ___ and ___ ribs.

Back 5

Posterior
11th
12th

Front 6

Define retroperitoneal

Back 6

Behind the peritoneum

Front 7

Adipose deposits form what surrounding the kidneys, providing support and cushioning?

Back 7

Adipose capsule

Front 8

What sits on top of each kidney? It is part of the urinary system?

Back 8

Adrenal gland

Front 9

Retroperitoneal smooth muscle tube that transports urine by peristalsis from the kidney to the bladder, lined by transitional epithelium

Back 9

Ureter

Front 10

Highly elastic smooth muscular sac that lies somewhat anteriorly in the pelvic cavity under the peritoneum.

Back 10

Bladder

Front 11

The thick and brown folds of the walls of the bladder are called?

Back 11

Rugae
(plus transitional ET allow for extensive expansion.)

Front 12

The three openings or urethra that form a triangle

Back 12

trigone

Front 13

How is the bladder emptied?

Back 13

Contraction of smooth muscle called detrusor muscle in addition to simultaneous opening of two urethral sphincters.

Front 14

Thin walled tube exiting the bladder that is kept closed by two sphincters

Back 14

Urethra

Front 15

Name the two sphincters that keeps the urethra closed

Back 15

Internal sphincter (involuntary smooth muscle)
External sphincter ( voluntary skeletral muscle)

Front 16

True or False: Voluntary contraction of the external sphincter delays urination

Back 16

True

Front 17

Briefly describe the process of urination

Back 17

Stretch of the bladder stimulates a parasympathtic reflex, resulting in opening of these sphincters and contraction of the detrusor muscle

Front 18

Tough fibrous (collagen connective tissue tightly adhering to and encapsulating the kidney

Back 18

Renal capsule

Front 19

Outer evenly colored region of the kidney just under the capsule. The renal corpuscles are found in this region

Back 19

Renal cortex

Front 20

The inner region of the kidneys deep to the cortex and composed of the renal pyramids separated by the renal columns.

Back 20

Renal Medulla

Front 21

Nipple-like bumps formed by the apex of pyramids, projecting slightly into a hollow space called a minor calyx. The tiny openings in the papilla are the openings of the renal tubules and produce the porous appearing area cribosa.

Back 21

Renal papilla

Front 22

Meduallary tissue extending between and separating the pyramids providing a route for blood vessels to pass to the cortex

Back 22

Renal Columns

Front 23

Large urine filled space formed by the convergence of minor and major calyces, exits the kidneys through the hilus to continue as the ureter. Both lined by transitional epithelium.

Back 23

Renal pelvis

Front 24

Small funnel shaped space receiving urine from the collecting ducts in the pyramid

Back 24

Minor Calyx

Front 25

Larger space formed from the convergence of two or more minor calyces

Back 25

Major Calyx

Front 26

The central cavity of the kidney where the renal pelvis is found, visible as adipose filled spaces between the calyces.

Back 26

Renal sinuses

Front 27

These enter the kidney through the hilus delivering their load of blood containing wastes and other materials. As much as 25% of the cardiac output flows into the kidneys through these large branches of descending aorta.

Back 27

Renal Arteries

Front 28

Branches of the segmental arteries passing between the renal pyramids through the renal columns towards the cortex

Back 28

Interlobar arteries

Front 29

Branches of interlobar arteries forming arches over the top of the renal pyramids at the boundary of the cortex

Back 29

Arcuate arteries

Front 30

Branches of arcuate arteries that extend into the renal cortex.

Back 30

Interlobular arteries

Front 31

Deliver high pressure blood to the capillaries of the glomerulus. Regulation of blood flow through the afferent arteriole is an important regulator or urine production

Back 31

Afferent Arterioles

Front 32

Network of high pressure porous capillaries

Back 32

Glomerulus

Front 33

True or False: Blood easily passes through the fenestrated glomerular capillary walls due to the leakiness of the capillaries and the high pressure of the blood

Back 33

True

Front 34

Where does the fluid that filters out of the glomerular capillaries enter into?

Back 34

Space formed by the bowman's capsule

Front 35

Glomerular capillaries enclosed within bowman's capsule collectively form what?

Back 35

Renal corpuscles

Front 36

The blood that remains in the glomerular capillaries exits the renal corpuscle via what?

Back 36

Efferent Arteriole, which divides to form a network of capillaries around the nephron

Front 37

Drains filtered blood from the capillaries of the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

Back 37

Efferent Arterioles

Front 38

Capillaries that form a network around the nephron so that some molecules may be returned to the blood from the fluid in the nephron (reabsorption) and additional molecules may be added to the nephron (secretion).

Back 38

Peritubular Capillaries

Front 39

A unique branch of the peritubular capillaries forms a loop called what?

Back 39

Vasa Recta, parallels the nephrons loop of henle to act as a counter current multiplication system (important process in forming concentrated urine)

Front 40

From the peritubular capillaries blood flows back to the general circulation through veins paralleling the renal arteries

Back 40

Renal Veins

Front 41

Drain blood from the peritubular capillaries out of the cortex, to the arcuate veins

Back 41

Interlobular veins

Front 42

Drain blood from the interlobular veins to the interlobar veins

Back 42

Arcuate veins

Front 43

Drain blood from the arcuate veins through the renal columns passing between the renal pyramids towards the renal pelvis

Back 43

Interlobar veins

Front 44

Drain blood out of the kidney to the vena cava

Back 44

Renal Veins

Front 45

The functional unit of the kidney is the...?

Back 45

Nephron

Front 46

Majority of nephrons (85%) are classified as what?

Back 46

Cortical nephrons, tubules rarely extends far into the medulla

Front 47

Nephrons whose renal corpuscle is located close to the medulla that extend deeply into the medulla are called?

Back 47

Juxtamedullary Nephrons, 15%

Important for processing urine!

Front 48

Blood flows into this small ball of capillaries through the afferent arteriole and away through the efferent arteriole. Filtration

Back 48

Glomerulus

Front 49

A double layer of cells encapsulating the glomerulus forming a cavity that is continuous with the renal tubule

Back 49

Bowman's Capsule

Front 50

Highly modified epithelial cells

Back 50

Podocytes, wrap tightly around glomerular cappilaries

Front 51

Thin slits between podoctye extensions that restrict the size of the molecules that can leave the blood and enter the bowman's capsule.

Back 51

Slit pores

Front 52

What determines what can be filtered out in the glomerular capillaries?

Back 52

The pressure of the blood and the size of slit pores in visceral epithelium. cells and proteins are not filtered and remain in the blood.

Front 53

Simple squamous epithelial cells forming a fluid tight outer wall of Bowman's capsule

Back 53

Parietal Epithelium

Front 54

The filtrate from bowman's capsule enters here and is processed as it flows towards the collecting duct and renal pelvis

Back 54

Renal tubule

Front 55

Highly twisted portion of the renal tubule close to the renal corpuscle is the site of majority of reabsorption. Glucose and amino acids.

Back 55

Proximal convoluted tubule, PCT

Front 56

As much as 80-90% of filtrate volume is reabsorbed where?

Back 56

PCT

Front 57

The PCT is lined with what kind of cells?

Back 57

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells that have mirovilli, forms large surface area for reabsorption of filtered materials.

Front 58

Name the 3 types of materials that are actively reabsorbed in the PCT

Back 58

Glucose, Amino Acids, and Electrolytes

Front 59

Hairpin loop of the renal tubule between the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule

Back 59

Loop of Henle

Front 60

The loop of henle is lined by what type of cell?

Back 60

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 61

True or False: The loop of henle of cortical nephrons are short while the loop of henle of juxtamedullary nephrons are long.

Back 61

True

Front 62

Twisted portion of renal tubule that drains into the collecting duct. Actively secretes ions, toxins, and drugs.

Back 62

Distal convulated tubule, DCT

Front 63

Does the DCT contain microvilli?

Back 63

No, although significant reabsorbtion occurs here

Front 64

The DCT together with the collecting ducts is responsible for what?

Back 64

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes, regulated through hormonal controls.

Front 65

Where does the DCT begin?

Back 65

At the point where the ascending limb of the loop of Henle passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Front 66

Larger tubules lined by simple cuboidal epithelium that gradually transitions into simple columnar epithelium.

Back 66

Collecting ducts

Front 67

True or False: Fluid within the distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons drain into the collecting ducts which converge to open into the renal pelvis at the renal papillae

Back 67

True

Front 68

These tubules collect primitive urine for transport through the renal pryamids to the renal pelvis and are a site of water reabsorption

Back 68

Collecting ducts

Front 69

The fluid that exits collecting ducts into the renal pelvis is completely processed and properly called what?

Back 69

Urine

Front 70

The structure formed where the DCT and afferent arterioles cross (next to glomerulus), made up of Macula densa and JG cells. Monitoring blood pressure.

Back 70

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Front 71

At this point, cells forming the wall of the DCT are specialized macula densa cells and the wall of the afferent arteriole is composed of specialized juxtaglomerular cells

Back 71

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Front 72

Dense cells of the DCT at the juxtaglomerular apparatus are sensitive to the level of sodium in the primitive urine within the DCT. When sodium levels are low they respond by stimulating the JG cells in the afferent arterioles.

Contains chemoreceptors cells that monitor solute concentration of NaCl, sodium. Increase or decrease absorption of sodium/water.

Back 72

Macula Densa

Front 73

These smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole are sensitive to blood pressure.

Monitor blood pressure

Back 73

Juxtaglomerurlar cells, JG cells

Front 74

When blood pressure is low, the JG cells release an enzyme called what which initiates a cascade of reactions that will increase sodium and water reabsorption from the DCT and collecting ducts?

Back 74

Renin

Front 75

The loop of Henle uses an elegant mechanism known as the counter-current mechanism, explain this.

Back 75

Creates increasing osmotic gradient of the renal medulla as it projects into the medulla. This osmotic gradient makes it possible to concentrate the fluid contents of the renal tubule through the osmotic reabsorption of water. Thus, the fluid that reaches the end of the renal tubule contains concentrated wastes within a significantly reduced fluid volume. (125 ml of filtrate enter the renal tubules each minute from Bowman's capsule which only one ml of urine is formed each minute)

Front 76

True or False: Lower blood pressure = lower filtration while higher blood pressure = higher filtration = more urine

Back 76

True

Front 77

Site of reabsorption of sodium chlorine

Back 77

Ascending limb

Front 78

Site of reabsorption of water

Back 78

Descending limb

Front 79

Urine part of nephron, that leads away from a glomerulus that is made up of PCT, DCT, and Loop of Henle

Back 79

Renal tubule

Front 80

Define Colvoluted

Back 80

Twisty or intricate

Front 81

True or False. Maintains pressure by having a bigger afferent arterioles than the efferent. Pressure gradient

Back 81

True