Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is contained in the kidney cortex?
|
Renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules
|
|
|
What is contained in the Medulla of the kidney?
|
Loops of Henle, collecting ducts, and vasa recta..
Also has medullary pyramides and whose apices (renal papillae) are directed toward the renal sinus |
|
|
How does urine pass through the kidney?
|
GFR- proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - medullary pyramid - renal papillae - minor calyx - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter
|
|
|
What are medullary rays aggregations of?
What is a renal column? |
collecting tubules and loop of Henle into the cortex
Inward extension of cortical tissue into the medulla |
|
|
What type of epithelium lines ureters?
What is unique about the m layer of the ureter? |
Transitional epithelium with a darker surface
Has an inner longitudinal and outer circle layer (opposite of GI)...Distal 1/3 has an external longitudinal layer |
|
|
What epithelium lines the urinary bladder
What is its m layer called/ |
Transitional epithelium
Detrusor m |
|
|
IN the urethra:
1. How does epithelium change? 2. What are the 3 portions in the male, epithelium in each section |
1. From transitional to pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous near external orifice
2. Prostatic portion - exits the bladder, transitional epithelium, receives ejaculatory and prostatic ducts Membranous portion - short, encircled by skeletal m of the urogenital diaphragm, pseudostratified columnar 3. Cavernous portion - passes through the corpus spongiosum, has mucus secreting urethral glands, stratified squamous |
|
|
What portion of the urethra do males and females both have?
|
Membranous
|
|
|
Describe blood flow from the renal a. to the renal v.
|
Renal a - segmental a - interlobar a - arcuate a. - interlobular a. - afferent arteriole - glomerular capilaries - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries/vasa rects - interlobular v - arcuate v - interlobar v - renal v
|
|
|
Where in the kidney are these a. found?
1. Segmental a. 2. Interlobar a. 3. Arcuate 4. interlobular 5. afferent arterioles |
1. ant and post branches arise from renal a before it reaches the renal hilum
2. In the renal columns 3. At the base of pyramid in the border between cortex and medula 4. penetrate the the cortex between medullary rays 5. supplies a glomerulus |
|
|
What do endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries synthesize?
|
Erythropoietin in response to decreased blood O2
|
|
|
What are the peritubular capillaries and what do they do?
|
They are branched efferent arterioles of glomeruli
they carry absorbed products away from the proximal and distal tubules and converge to form v of the peripheral cortex which drain to interlobular v. |
|
|
What forms the vasa recta, which descends into the medulla?
|
Efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli give rise to numerous straight capillary loops
|
|
|
What does a nephron consist of?
Which part arises from a different embyrologic tissue? |
Glomerulus, a proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of Henle, a distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts
Collecting ducts |
|
|
What is the loop of Henle formed by?
|
straight descending portion of the proximal tubule, the thin segment, and the straight ascending portion of the distal tubule
|
|
|
The renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are found in which part of the kidney?
|
Renal cortex
|
|
|
1. What is the renal corpuscle composed of?
2. What does it do? 3. What makes up the 2 parts of the corpuscle 4. What poles does the corpuscle have? 5. What type of capillaries are here? |
1. Glomerulus & Bowman's capsule
2. Filters blood out of glomerulus and into the urinary space 3. Glomerulus - tuft of fenestrated capillaries Bowman's capsule - visceral and parietal layers 4. Urinary pole & vascular pole 5. Fenestrated capilaries |
|
|
1. Where are mesangial cells located?
2. What are they a specialized version of? 3. What is there fxn? 4. What are they derived from? 5. What would cause them to contract, relax? |
1. Among the glomerular capillaries
2. Pericytes 3. Filtration, structural support, phagocytosis, contract 4. smooth muscle 5. contract - angiotensin II, relax - atrial natriuretic factor |
|
|
In the Bowman's capsule:
1. What is the epithelium of the parietal layer? 2. Cell type of the visceral layer? |
1. simple squamous epithelium
2. podocytes |
|
|
What is a podocyte?
What is its fxn? |
A large stellate cell with long primary process which give rise to secondary processes (pedicels).
Pedicels wrap around glomerular capilaries and interdigitate with pedicels from other podocytes |
|
|
What is the space between adjacent pedicels (from podocytes) called?
|
filtration slits
|
|
|
What structures form the filtration barrier?
|
Fenestrated capillary, fused basal lamina of the capillary endothelial cells and podocytes, the filtration slits between pedicels
|
|
|
What does each component of the filtration barrier aid in?
What removes trapped molecules in the basal lamina? |
limits passage of blood components by size, prevents blood cells and large proteins from entering the urinary space
Mesangial cells |
|
|
For the proximal convoluted tubule:
1. where does it begin? 2. what does it reabsorb? 3. significance of the abundant mitochondria? 4. With what else is it the longest portion of the nephron. |
1. Urinary pole - has a brush border
2. 70-80% of filtrate- water, salt, amino acids, glucose, proteins 3. energy requirements of transport 4. thick descending limb of the loop of Henle |
|
|
1. What is the loop of Henle composed of?
2. What is there an abrupt transition of? 3. What do nuclei of the thin limb look like? 4. Fxn? |
1. U shaped tube of thick and thin descending and thin then thick ascending limbs
2. from simple cuboidal (thick) to simle squamous (thin) 3. looks like they bulge into lumen 4. countercurrent multiplier to establish an osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of the medulla |
|
|
What does aldosterone do in the distal convoluted tubules?
|
causes cells to remove more sodium and add phosphate to fluid. pH can be adjusted by secreting ammonium and hydrogen ions
|
|
|
In the distal convoluted tubule,
what is the fxn of macula densa? |
specialized epithelial cell that contacts the afferent arteriole. Cause adjacent juxtaglomerular cells to release renin (elevates blood pressure by producing angiotensin II and aldosterone) and other substances with vasoactive properties
|
|
|
What does the urinary system regulate, and remove?
What does renin and erythropoeitin do? |
1. regulates ion, salt, and water balance, removes metabolic wastes
2. Renin elevates blood pressure by producing angiotensin II and aldosterone Erythropoietin promotes erythrocyte production and differentiation |
|
|
Are collecting tubules found mainly in the cortex or medulla? What is there main fxn?
What is unique about them? |
Mainly in medulla but with medullary rays extending into the cortex.
Absorb water under the influence of anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) Distinct cell borders |
|
|
For the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
1. What is it located near? 2. What does it used to control blood pressure? 3. What 3 cell types does it contain/ |
1. Vascular pole
2. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 3. Modified smooth m cells of the afferent arteriole called juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa of distal tubule, extraglomerular mesangial cells (Lacis cells) |
|
|
What does a juxtaglomerular cell secrete? What is its secretion opposed by?
|
Secretes renin in response to signals from macula densa which responds to low blood pressure or low blood sodium
Opposed by atrial naturetic hormone produced by the heart |
|
|
What does the macula densa cell sense? What will it affect?
|
Senses salt concentration
Causes juxtaglomerular cells to release renin |
|
|
Where are extraglomerular mesangial cells found, and what fxns are they associated with?
|
1. outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole and macula densa
2. secretion of erythropoietin and scavenging of debris |
|
|
What causes acute glomerulonephritis?
|
Immunologi rxn in which the antigen-antibody complexes trapped in the glomerular basement membrane causes inflammation and glomerular dysfxn
epithelial and mesangial cells proliferate and leukocytes accumulate in the glomerulus, obstructing it Common in children 6-7 yo |
|
|
What causes membranous glomerulonephritis?
|
immune complexes localize to glomerular basement membrane, common after age of 40. unknown cause.
associated with other diseases |
|
|
What is pyelonephritis, and what is it caused by?
|
inflammation of the kidney and collecting system due to bacterial infection
Spread of upper UTI, more common in females |
|
|
What is a kidney stone, what type is most common, what can cuase it?
|
Formation of crystalline calculi in the proximal tubules of the kidney
Calcium is most common Hyperparathyroidism - causes break down of bone, release of Ca. |
|
|
1. What is renal failure?
2. What can it be caused by? |
Permanent loss of nephrons leading to progressive deterioration of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and endocrine fxn of kidneys
hypertension, diabetes, lupus. etc or drug use (acetaminophen, NSAIDS)-high cumulative intake |
|
|
What are the 4 stages of renal failure, and characteristics of each stage
|
1. diminished renal reserve
-GFR decreased by 50%, no overt symptoms, unaffected neurons hypertrophy 2. Renal insufficiency - GFR reduced to 20-35%, anemia, hypertension, high nitrogen levels in blood 3. Renal failure - GFR reduced to 20-25% of normal, kidneys cannot regulate fluid volume and solute composition (edema, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcaemia evident), neurologic, GI, and cardiovascularcomplications become manifest 4. End stage renal disease - GFR less than 5%, prior complication worse, uremia (waste products in blood), all sys. have complications, survival dependent on dialysis or transplant |
